Gi Exam 4 Reel Pics

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Cleft palate
Causes: Hereditary, prenatal drug or toxin exposure.

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Brachygnathia superior-shortness of maxilla; most common in short nosed dogs.
or
Prognathia-long mandible; most common in sheep

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Targeted destruction of ameloblasts during tooth formation.
Dogs: prenatal Canine distemper virus
Cattle: prenatal BVD, fleurosis, Ca deficiency

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Inflammatory destruction of the gingiva, periodontal ligament, alveolar bone, and root cementum.

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Plasmacytic-Lymphoplasmacytic Stomatitis
Occurs in cats
Proliferative lesions, most common at the glossopharyngeal arches

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Eosinophilic granuloma complex-rodent ulcer
Cats
Cause unknown, may be linked to food hypersensitivity, or feline leukemia virus

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Eosinophilic granuloma complex-oral eosinophilic granuloma
Cats
Cause unknown, may be linked to food hypersensitivity, or feline leukemia virus

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Thrush-Candida albicans
Self-limiting, opportunistic fungal infection of young animals.
Yellow-white pseudomembranous hyperkeratosis

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Wooden Tongue
Caused by actinobacillus lignieresii (gram neg).
Typically enters the tissue via penetrating wound.

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Oral ulcers
Cattle: vesicular stomatitis, bovine papular stomatitis, BVD, Foot and mouth, Malignant Catarrhal Fever
Cats: Calicivirus, herpes virus
Pigs: Calicivirus
Horses: Herpes virus
All: Uremia, trauma/foreign body, ingesting caustic substances.

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Uremic ulcers
Tend to occur on the ventral tongue margin

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Lumpy jaw
Caused by Actinomyces bovis (gram pos)
Enters by penetrating wounds in the oral cavity
Granulomatous-suppurative lesions with boney degeneration.

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Proliferative fibrogingival hyperplasia
Benign lesion-secondary to chronic gingivitis
Should be smooth
Usually multifocal, but can be focal.

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Viral papilloma (papillomavirus)
Species and tissue specific
Occur in young puppies and cattle
Benign, multifocal, and tend to spontaneously regress. Can be removed if interfering with eating.

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Epulides (sing-epulus)
Benign lesion originating from the periodontal ligament.
Can be fibrous or ossifying.
Does not invade the bone!

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Acanthomatous ameloblastoma
Originates from the odontogenic epithelium.
Locally invasive (often into alveolar bone), but does not metastasize.

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Oral melanosarcoma
Malignant-invasive and metastatic
Most common oral neoplasia in dogs.

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Oral squamous cell carcinoma
Malignant-infiltrative, boney destruction, metastatic (late).
Most common malignant oral tumor of cats, second most common in dogs.

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Oral fibrosarcoma
Malignant-infiltrative, low metastatic rate.
Second most common oral neoplasia in cats.

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Esophageal submucosal gland dilation
Incidental finding in the distal esophagus of dogs.

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Distal esophageal muscular hypertrophy
Incidental finding in horses

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Bloat line
Well demarcated line at or cranial to the thoracic inlet.
Indicates that the cow actually died of bloat, vs bloating during decomposition.

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Esophageal ulceration
Causes: Trauma, foreign body, caustic substances, medication lodged in esophagus (esp. tetracycline and doxycycline), BVD infection in cattle.

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Megaesophagus
Causes: PRAA, myesthenia gravis, stricture, idiopathic

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Gongylonema pulchrum
Nematode embedded in the mucosa
Typically not clinically significant

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Esophageal viral papillomas
Occur in cattle, caused by papillomavirus

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Spirocera lupi
Spirurid nematode
Causes granulomatous and eosinophilic esophagitis
May be associated with esophageal osteosarcoma and fibrosarcoma

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Rumenitis/Rumen ulcers
Common causes are grain overload or fungal ruminitis.

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Brachygnathia inferior-short mandible
Common in calves and long-nosed dogs

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Pigs: Happens most commonly at the pars esophagea.
Cattle: Abomasal ulcers; caused by acidosis, fungal infection, stress, or LSA.
Canine: Common causes are NSAIDs, mast cell tumors, and gastrinomas
Feline: Uremia, and similar causes to dogs.

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Ostertagia (cattle) or Teladorsagia (small ruminants).
Characteristics "cobblestone" appearance.

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Equine Gasterophilus
Incidental finding-no clinical signs

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Helicobacter
Must use special stain to see.
Probably an incidental finding, hard to verify as the cause of clinical disease.

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Proventricular dilatation disease
Bornavirus.
GI primarily, also heart, CNS, and adrenals

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Gastric rupture
Most common in horses
Muscle wall tears along the greater curvature, mucosa tears last.

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Gastric dilatation volvulus
Dogs
Pulls mesentery over the stomach. Causes organ ischemia.

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GI lymphosarcoma
Common in cattle and cats.
Cattle: Caused by bovine leukemia virus; abomasum is most common GI location.
Cats: stomach and ileum are most commonly affected.

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Gastric squamous cell carcinoma
Most common in horses
Cauliflower like mass in the squamous portion of the stomach.
Can metastasize.

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Hyperplastic GALT
Incidental finding

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Hemomelasma ilei
Incidental finding in horses

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Lymphoplasmacytic enteritis
Type of inflammatory bowel disease

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Eosinophilic enteritis
Lots of pink!
Type of inflammatory bowel disease
Causes: Parasites, fungal or allergy

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Feline infectious peritonitis
Wet or dry form

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Peyers patch necrosis
Cattle: Caused by BVD
Dogs: Caused by Parvovirus (may also cause intestinal hemorrhage).

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Fibrinous enteritis
Raccoons: Parvovirus

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Rotavirus/coronavirus
Intestinal wall-flaccid, thin, transparent.
Due to villous atrophy and loss

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Johne's disease
Mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis
Cattle
Corrogated appearance in the ileum and large intestines
(looks similar to Lawsonia intracellularis in pigs)

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Lawsonia intracellularis
"Proliferative ileitis"
Occurs in pigs and horses
May also cause necrosis and hemorrhage in pigs (Porcine proliferative enteropathy)
Appears similar to Johne's disease

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Clostridial enteritis
Occurs in dogs, pigs, and horses
Causes hemorrhage

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E. coli, edema disease
Most common in pigs less than 5 days old.
Watery diarrhea
Shiga-toxin causes edema in the intestinal tissues.

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Salmonella colitis
Horses: Bloody diarrhea and ulceration
Pigs: Button ulcers, associated with strictures

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Most common in horses, does occur in ruminants
Ulcerative enterocolitis

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Colonic histoplasmosis
Dogs
Thickened large intestines

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Pythium insidiosum
Invades the muscular layer
Causes a palpable abdominal mass

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Endarteritis-strongyle infarction
Migration irritates vasculature, causes non-strangulating infarct.

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Coccidiosis
Fibrinohemorrhagic or fibrinonecrotic enteritis with white nodules in the mucosal surface
Chickens and Pigs

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Lymphangectasia
"shag carpet"-prominent white, thickened villi, may also see granulomatous lesions along the mesenteric lymphatics
Occurs in dogs and horses
Leads to PLE

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Intussusception
Caused by anything altering motility-eg. parvo, parasites, diarrhea

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Intestinal strangulation
Common in horses-pedunculated lipomas

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Intestinal obstructive entrapment
Intestine gets trapped in a mesenteric rent, note well demarcated line

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Intestinal torsion/volvulus
Common in the large colon of horses, and pigs

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Enterolith
Common in horses
Intestinal obstruction

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Intestinal lymphosarcoma
White-grey, bulging thickened wall

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Intestinal carcinoma
Causes stenotic thickening with dilation proximal to the tumor site.
Metastasizes regionally, distantly, peritoneally.

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Pancreatitis with fat necrosis (saponification)

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Pancreatic acinar atrophy
Leads to exocrine pancreatic insufficiency
Most common in German shepherds and rough-coated collies

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Nodular pancreatic hyperplasia

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Benign
Variable sized white nodules

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Which hepatic diseases exhibit centrilobular/midzonal patterns?

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Lipidosis, glycogen storage disease, and necrosis

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Which hepatic diseases exhibit periportal patterns?

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Infiltrates, lymphoma, inflammation, and necrosis

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Which hepatic diseases exhibit centrilobular (only) patterns?

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Congestion and necrosis

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Which hepatic diseases exhibit random patterns?

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Bacterial and viral infections.

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"nutmeg liver"
Chronic passive congestion associated with right heart failure
Liver will have rounded edges with fibrin on the capsule.

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Steroid hepatopathy
Pale tan, enlarged, rounded, friable liver
Dogs

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Hepatic lipidosis
Pale tan to yellow, enlarged, may float
Cats: Starvation->fat mobilization->overwhelms liver
Ruminants: Overconditioned and pregnant->increased nutritional demand with decreased food intake->fat mobilization->liver overwhelmed

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Amyloidosis
Pale tan, WAXY, friable to firm
Most common in Abyssinian cats and Sharpei dogs

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Incidental finding in cats and cattle.
Proliferation of small blood vessels within the liver.
Looks the same as hemangiosarcoma in the dog, but telangiectasia does not occur in dogs.

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Congenital portosystemic shunt
Liver will also be small. Causes portal hypoperfusion, which can only be differentiated from primary portal vein hypoplasia by the presence of a shunt.

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Describe feline inflammatory liver disease.

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Two types: lymphocytic portal hepatitis and cholangiohepatitis.
Causes pale, tan-white liver with reticular pattern.

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Describe chronic hepatitis in dogs.

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Small firm liver with histologic fibrosis.

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Hepatic necrosis

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Hepatic abscess-caseous lymphadenitis
Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Green/white abscesses with "onion skin" appearance in a variety of organ tissues

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Cirrhosis
Non-specific end stage lesion of liver disease.
Commonly associated with toxic insult (eg. aflatoxin)

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Hepatic nodular hyperplasia
Benign, older animals

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Cholangiocarcinoma
Multifocal, with 1-2 large masses
Arises from biliary epithelium

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Hepatocellular carcinoma
Typically one large mass on a single lobe. Good prognosis if entire lobe is removed.

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Hepatocellular lymphosarcoma
Nodular to diffuse, white-tan, bulges

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Feline visceral mast cell tumor
Big, pale tan liver
Spleen is typically also affected.

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Hemangiosarcoma
Dogs
Looks similar to telangectasia in cats and cattle.

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Gallbladder-cystic mucinous hyperplasia
Thickened and bumpy mucosa

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Gallbladder mucocele
"kiwi" appearance on ultrasound
Causes obstruction, mural necrosis, and may rupture the gallbladder leading to peritonitis

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Gallbladder fibrinous casts
Associated with salmonella infection in cattle