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20 Cards in this Set
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Esophagus
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dorsal to trachea
left of midline cricopharyngeal sphincter increased opacification of caudal thoracic esophagus on left lateral views caudal esophageal sphincter |
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cranial esophageal sphincter/ cricopharyngeal sphincter
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esophageal disease
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survey radiographs of cervical and thoracic region - includes base of tongue
contrast studies esophagus normally not detectable in survey radiographs small volume of gas within the esophagus can be seen with - aerophagia, swallowing, sedation/anesthesia |
radiographic signs:
increased radiopacity of mediastinum -opaque foreign body -retention of ingesta -esophageal mass -mediastinal fluid - secondary to perforation -mediastinal mass increased radiolucency of mediastinum -esophageal dilation with gas -pneumomediastinum - secondary to perforation pneumothorax - secondary to perforation ventral displacement of trachea tracheal stripe sign visualization of longus colli muscle pleural effusion - secondary to perforation aspiration pneumonia |
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megaesophagus
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dilated hypomotile esophagus
neuromuscular dysfunction generalized or segmental most common cause of regurgitation in the dog Generalized -idiopathic -myasthenia gravis -myositis -polyneuropathy -inflammatory -toxin -neoplastic |
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megaesophagus and aspiration pneumonia
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Hiatal Disease
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sliding hiatal hernia
paraesophageal hernia gastroesophageal intussusception gastroesophageal reflux clinical signs -absent -recurrent gastrointestinal signs |
sliding esophageal hernia
-caudal esophageal sphincter and part of gastric fundus -move into and out of the caudal mediastinum -weakened esophageal hiatus -soft tissue or mixed soft tissue and gas opacity between aorta and caudal vena cava |
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Foreign Bodies
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survey radiographis
location -limit in esophageal distension -thoracic inlet -base of the heart -cranial to the diaphragm -non-obstructive foreign bodies in pharyngeal region barium study -esophageal perforation-contraindication: pneumothorax, pneumomediastinum, pleural effusion segmental esophageal dilation radiopaque -easily recognized non-opaque -can appear as a soft tissue opacity -similar in appearance: esophageal neoplasia, esophageal abscess, mediastinal mass, paraesophageal hernia, lung mass |
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vascular ring anomalies
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esophageal compression secondary to vascular malformation
esophageal entrapment seven types: -I-III persistent right fourth aortic arch - IV double aortic arch - V-VII left aortic arch with combinations of persistent right ligamentaum arteriosum and right subclavian arteries persistent right fourth aortic arch aorta derived from right aortic arch instead of left aorta on right side of trachea and esophagus main pulmonary artery on the left ligamentaum arteriosum constricts the esophagus against the trachea and base of the heart, as it passes from the right (aorta) to the left (main pulmonary artery) |
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persistent right aortic arch
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constriction results in esophageal dilation cranial to the heart
mass effect lateral - ventral displacement of trachea VD-Leftward deviation of the trachea VD-left margin of the aorta may not be present |
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esophageal strictures
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mural
-chronic inflammation and scarring -foreign body or gastroesophageal reflux -infiltrative neoplasia or granulomatous disease extramural -thyroid masses -enlarged lymph nodes -cervical abscess luminal |
radiographs
-normal -segmental esophageal dilation -generalized esophageal dilation contrast esophagram -location -size -length |
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Esophageal masses
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Stomach
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DV: gas in fundus, fluid in body/pylorus
VD: gas in body (pylorus), fluid in fundus Left Lateral: gas in pylorus (body), fluid in fundus right Lateral: gas in fundus, fluid in pylorus |
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gastric foreign bodies
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varying opacities
correlate to clinical signs -fast and repeat radiographs metallic and mineral opacities are identifiable -fishhooks and needles easy to see -ingested bone may be incidental -associated with toxicities -zinc and intravascular hemolysis soft tissue opacities -similar to normal ingesta |
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soft tissue opaque foreign body
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gastric distension
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food
-overconsumption of food ingesta gas -aerophagia: severe tachypnea, pain -motility disorders -anesthesia the stomach remains in appropriate position |
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gastric distension:
gas |
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gastric dilation volvulus
(right lateral) |
gastric malpositioning
radiographic appearance varies -type and degree of rotation -amount of distension rotates clockwise pylorus shifts dorsally, cranially and left spleen follows greater curvature of the stomach -to the right -gastrosplenic ligament (left lateral) |
gas and fluid distension of the stomach
pylorus displaced dorsally and to the left -right lateral view compoartmentalization -soft tissue bands -folding of stomach on itself pneumoperitoneum -gastric perforation pneumatosis -wall necrosis (dorsoventral) |
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Pyloric Outflow Obstruction
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Acute
-gastric volvulus -foreign bodies Chronic -Narrowing of pyloric orific: hypertrophic pyloric stenosis pylorospasm inflammation or fibrosis neoplasia granulomatous process mucosal antral hypertrophy |
radiographic appearance is variable
-depends on underlying cause, duration of the disease, clinical presentation fluid distended stomach delayed gastric emptying frequent vomiting may cause pyloric obstruction to appear as a normal stomach electrolyte imbalance may be present |
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Gastric Mass
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Neoplasia, pythiosis, zygomycosis
any region of stomach may be involved radiographic appearance variable dependent on size shape and location -may be identified as a mass lesion projecting into the gastric lumen -positive contrast may depict a filling defect -often associated with gastric ulcers -diffuse disease more difficult to identify -decreased compliance or loss of regional motility |
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gastric neoplasia
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any region of the stomach
dog -adenocarcinoma cat -lymphosarcoma |
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