Ggr124 Midterm

Front 1

Agglomeration

Back 1

Dense concentration of people and activities, high levels of interaction and networking

Front 2

Key urban characteristics (3)

Back 2

Proximity, density, diversity

Front 3

Urbanization

Back 3

Metro areas growing larger than rural

Front 4

Deurbanization

Back 4

Shift of population growth to rural areas

Front 5

Urban heirarchy

Back 5

City rank based on size and functions

Front 6

Metropolitization

Back 6

City cores growing faster than smaller urban areas

Front 7

Suburbanization

Back 7

Shift of population to metropolitan peripheries

Front 8

Measuring urban places: population

Back 8

Minimum size of settlement or agglomeration, minimum density

Front 9

Measuring urban places: economic-base

Back 9

Minimum proportion of labor base in non-agricultural occupations. Basic (city forming) and non-basic (city serving)

Front 10

Measuring urban places: administrative

Back 10

Legal or administrative criteria extent of a city

Front 11

Measuring urban places: functional

Back 11

Reflects real extent of urban influence

Front 12

Discipline of urban geography is(3)?

Back 12

Descriptive, interpretive, explanatory

Front 13

Approaches to urban geography (5)

Back 13

Environmentalism, Positivism, Behavioural and Humanistic, Structuralism, Postmodernism

Front 14

Approach to urban geo: Environmentalism

Back 14

Nature dictates city growth

Front 15

Approach to urban geo: Positivism

Back 15

Scientific laws produce observable patterns of urban activity or form on the ground

Ecological: human behaviour based on ecological principles, more powerful groups obtain most advantageous places

Neo-classical: driven by rationality, cost-minimization or benefits-maximization

Front 16

Approach to urban geo: Behavioural and Humanistic

Back 16

How human decision-making shapes geography

Techniques drawn from humanities such as art, film, writing, paintings, etc.

Front 17

Approach to urban geo: Structuralism

Back 17

City forming based on social, political, and economical structures (emphasis on class)

Front 18

Approach to urban geo: Postmodernism

Back 18

Interpretation of urban geography is relative due to culture, race, gender, biases. Rejects notion that one perspective is universal. Resulted in more expressive and symbolic architecture.

Front 19

Burgess Model

Back 19

Housing quality increases with distance from the inner city. The land in city used for commercial purposes

Front 20

Hoyt Model

Back 20

Sectors develop along important route ways around a CBD, while certain land uses, such as high class residential and industry, deter each other

Front 21

Key factors in city growth (2)?

Back 21

Social surplus: production of basic goods over and above what is required for sustenance

Agglomeration: dense concentration of people and activities

Front 22

What causes social surplus?

Back 22

New technology, environmental change, changes in social organization, increase in workforce

Front 23

Why do some settlements grow larger?

Back 23

Agglomeration economies

Localization: similar firms locating in close proximity

Urbanization: locating in areas with infrastructure, information, economies of scale, resources, etc.

Front 24

Agglomeration diseconomies

Back 24

Traffic congestion, IT gridlock, pollution, waste disposal issues, social immobility, broadband, etc.

Front 25

What was the largest ancient city?

Back 25

Rome

Front 26

What is the grid iron road pattern?

Back 26

Two main cross streets. N-S, E-W structure

Front 27

What happened to cities after fall of Roman Empire?

Back 27

Disruption of social interaction, increased isolation, decrease in spatial interaction

Front 28

Bochert N. Amer Phase 1

Back 28

1790-1830 Frontier Mercantillism

Atlantic coast areas for trade and export, commercial centers, little industry, "walking" cities

Front 29

Bochert N. Amer Phase 2

Back 29

1830-1870 Early Industrial Capitalism

Steam technology encouraged trade, inland cities emerge, internal structure of cities changed, CBD emerge and distinct waterfront districts, carriage suburbs

Front 30

Bochert N. Amer Phase 3

Back 30

1870-1930 National Industrial Capitalism

Continent fully urbanized, railroad completion, new centers emerge, greater specialization of cities, segregated land use

Front 31

Bochert N. Amer Phase 4

Back 31

1935-Present Mature Industrial Capitalism

Deconcentration, suburbanization, rail hubs replaced by automobile and air planes, emergence of megalopolis

Front 32

What is an urban system?

Back 32

Set of geographically bounded cities sharing similar attributes that interact with each other more than cities outside the system

Front 33

System linkages (3)

Back 33

Dependency, competition, transportation

Front 34

Geographic scale

Back 34

Regional, national, international

Front 35

Functional types of urban systems (3)

Back 35

Production, consumer, specialized

Front 36

Evolution of urban systems (2)

Back 36

Classic: social surplus, begin trade with other cities, creates a trading network, leads to agglomeration

Colonial: external power driving urbanization speed, moves towards land interior to exploit raw materials, eventually resembles classic system

Front 37

Linear settlement

Back 37

Settlement of group formed in a long line following transport routes such as a river or highway. Some form due to physical restrictions such as mountains or valleys.

Front 38

Clustered settlement

Back 38

Buildings cluster around central church or public place. Cluster around areas of power or resource. Form around intersection of transport routes

Front 39

Hierarchical settlement

Back 39

Geometric shapes (hexagonal) to show urbanization. assumes that central places are distributed over a uniform plane of constant population density and purchasing power. Movement across the plane is uniformly easy in any direction, transportation costs vary linearly, and consumers act rationally to minimize transportation costs by visiting the nearest location offering the desired good or service.

Front 40

Factors of population size (6)

Back 40

Density of population and activity, land values and housing prices, traffic congestion, levels of social diversity, air pollution, levels of amenities and serices

Front 41

Zipf formula

Back 41

Pop. of city X = Pop. largest city / City X rank

Front 42

Describe the "perfect rank size distribution" graph

Back 42

Linear, negative slope, high level of economic development under capitalism

Front 43

Describe a "primate city" distribution

Back 43

Two distinct slopes, urban system is dominated by one large city, example of colonial settlement

Front 44

Describe an "intermediate or smaller city-dominant" distribution

Back 44

Broken into several negative slopes, transitional phase of urban system development, more common in large and highly fragmented nations

Front 45

What does rank size distribution show (5)?

Back 45

Analysis of temporal shift, dominance of one city, metropolitan growth or decline, density of economic linkages, forecasting and planning

Front 46

How does manufacturing shape a city (4)?

Back 46

Development of urban system, emergence of large industrial metropolises, specialization in industries, different growth rate

Front 47

Types of goods (list examples)

Back 47

Durable and non-durable

Front 48

What are value-added products?

Back 48

High-value: high skilled (technology, electronics)

Low-value: low skilled (textiles, furniture)

Front 49

Stages in production process (3)

Back 49

Processing, fabrication, and assembly

Front 50

Alfred-Weber Least-Cost Theory

Back 50

Manufacturing located in areas of minimized cost (market oriented), located close to specific raw materials (material oriented)

Front 51

Fordism (40s-70s): industry

Back 51

Vertical Integration,
Concentration,
Monopolistic

Front 52

Fordism (40s-70s): employment

Back 52

Manufacturing jobs,
Stable unemployment

Front 53

Fordism (40s-70s): production

Back 53

Economies of Scale,
mechanized production,

Front 54

Fordism (40s-70s): labour

Back 54

Skills demarcation,
unionization, employment
protection

Front 55

Fordism (40s-70s): space-economy

Back 55

Regional Specialization,
Spatial division of labour

Front 56

Post-Fordism: industry

Back 56

Small firms, vertical disintegration,
growth of high-tech and producer
services

Front 57

Post-Fordism: employment

Back 57

Loss of manufacturing jobs, high unemployment, privatized services, flexibility in labour

Front 58

Post-Fordism: production

Back 58

Economies of scope, automation, small
batch production, fragmented industrial
organization

Front 59

Post-Fordism: labour

Back 59

Competitive, de-unionized, part-time
and temporary contracts , local wage
determination

Front 60

Post-Fordism: space-economy

Back 60

De-industrialization, emergence of high-technology production complexes

Front 61

De-metropolitization

Back 61

Movement of population from city core to rural areas