Gero Test 1

Front 1

Age identity

Back 1

is used to describe someone’s perception of his or her own age.

Front 2

Perceived age

Back 2

another person’s estimated age based on appearances.

Front 3

Chronological age

Back 3

is the length of time that has passed since birth.

Front 4

• 3 factors of successful aging

Back 4

an active engagement with life, high cognitive and physical function, and low probability of disease and disability.

Front 5

• Age attribution

Back 5

the tendency to attribute problems to the aging process rather than to pathologic and potentially treatable conditions.

Front 6

comorbidity

Back 6

is a health characteristic that is unique to older adults, and is a high rate of co-occurrence of multiple chronic conditions.

Front 7

Into aging

Back 7

is a game developed by nurses to challenge the myths of aging.

Front 8

• Cultural competence

Back 8

the ability to deliver health care with knowledge of and sensitivity to factors that influence the health behavior and the curing, healing, dying, and grieving process of the person.

Front 9

Ethnogeriatrics

Back 9

the component of geriatrics that integrates the influence of race, ethnicity, and culture on health and well-being of adults.

Front 10

• Linguistic competence

Back 10

health care services that are respectful of and responsive to a person’s linguistic needs, is one small part of cultural competence.

Front 11

African americans

Back 11

had the highest age adjusted all-causes death rate of all ethnicities. Factors contributing to that are discrimination, cultural barriers, and lack of access to health care.

Front 12

Asian and Pacific islanders

Back 12

In Asian cultures, health is viewed as a state of spiritual and physical harmony, and illness occurs when yin and yang are out of balance. Yin refers to female energy and is associated with wet, cold, and dark. Yang refers to male energy and is associated with dry, hot, and light. Asian women have the longest life expectancy.

Front 13

• American Indians and Alaska natives

Back 13

High prevalence of diabetes. Excess morbidity and mortality associated with accidents, suicides, and homicides.

Front 14

• Functional consequences theory

Back 14

has been used to emphasize the significant role of nurses in using health education interventions to promote optimal health, functioning, and quality of life.

Front 15

Functional consequences

Back 15

are the observable effects of actions, risk factors, and age related changes that influence the quality of life or day-to-day activities of older adults.

Front 16

Age related changes

Back 16

are the inherent physiologic processes that increase the vulnerability of older people to detrimental effects of risk factors.

Front 17

Risk factors

Back 17

are the conditions that are likely to occur in older adults and have a significant detrimental effect on their health and functioning,

Front 18

Health

Back 18

the ability of older adults to function at their highest capacity, despite the presence of age-related changes and risk factors.

Front 19

• Person-environment fit theory

Back 19

focuses on the interrelationships between the individual person and his or her environment.

Front 20

The goal for acute care

Back 20

is to focus on the treatment of pathologic conditions that create serious risk.

Front 21

The goal for long term care

Back 21

is to focus on addressing multiple risk factors that interfere with functional abilities, goals include improved functioning and increased quality of life.

Front 22

Home and community settings goal is

Back 22

the focus is on short and long term interventions aimed at age-related changes and risk factors.

Front 23

Middle-range theory

Back 23

nurses direct their care toward establishing patient centered connections that would result in generative elders who would seek to establish or sustain a variety of connections in response to the forces and processes they encounter on a daily basis.

Front 24

life span

Back 24

the maximum survival potential for a member of a species, it’s about 116 for humans.

Front 25

life expectancy

Back 25

the predictable length of time that one is expected to live from a specific point in time, such as birth.

Front 26

• Rectangularization of the curve

Back 26

is attributed to changes in survival caused by various significant factors occurring at different points in time. And it shows that life expectancy is not particularly prolonged at the age of 75-80.

Front 27

• Compression of morbidity

Back 27

significant illness can be postponed, but life expectancy cannot be extended to the same extent.

Front 28

• Senescence

Back 28

the post-reproductive period, which is characterized by a decrease in efficient functioning of an organism with increasing age that leads to an increased probability of death. If same disease occurred in an older adult as a middle aged person the middle aged person would most likely survive.

Front 29

wear and tear theory

Back 29

presented by August Weismann, he believed that the human body is like a machine. It works well when it is under the warranty period, but after that problems can be expected due to repeated stressors.

Front 30

cross-linkage theory

Back 30

structures that are normally separated may become bound through chemical reactions. And while the body is healthy it will just break the mutation. But, as the body ages it isn’t able to break it leading to organ failure and death.

Front 31

free-radical theory

Back 31

although most organisms have antioxidant defense, damage to cells cannot be avoided and increases with age. Defense and repair also becomes less effective. Early support came from the discovery of lipofuscin, which is a pigmented waste material rich in lipids and proteins.

Front 32

• Neuroendocrine theories

Back 32

are based on the understanding that the neuroendocrine system integrates body functions and facilitates adaptation to changes in both internal and external environments. Numerous alterations of the endocrine system are the cause of age-related changes resulting in organ failure.

Front 33

• Immunosenescence

Back 33

age-related diminished function of the immune system that increases the susceptibility of older adults to diseases.

Front 34

Program theory of aging

Back 34

each person is born with a biologic clock due to a genetic determination.

Front 35

Caloric restriction theory

Back 35

if you restrict calories by 30-40% without malnutrition it increases life span.

Front 36

Sociocultural theories

Back 36

attempt to explain the interrelationship between the older adults and the societies and environments in which they live.

Front 37

disengagement theory

Back 37

society and older people engage in a mutually beneficial process of reciprocal withdrawal to maintain social equilibrium. It was the first sociologic theory of aging.

Front 38

activity theory

Back 38

Older people remain socially and psychosocially fit if they remain actively engaged in life.

Front 39

subculture theory

Back 39

states that old people, as a group have their own norms, expectations, beliefs, and habits; therefore they have their own subculture.

Front 40

age stratification theory

Back 40

addresses the interdependencies between age as an element of the social structure and the aging of people and cohorts as a social process.

Front 41

• Person-Environment fit theory

Back 41

considers the interrelationship between personal competence and the environment. As the person’s level of competence rises, so does the ability to handle more environmental press.

Front 42

• Gerotranscendence

Back 42

proposes that human aging is a process of shifting from a rational and materialistic metaperspective to a more cosmic and transcendent vision.
• Theories about gender and aging.

Front 43

theory of thriving

Back 43

thriving is achieved when there is concordance between the person and the human and nonhuman environment.

Front 44

gerontology

Back 44

study of aging and older adults. It was established in the mid-1940’s and has addressed problems that transcend the knowledge and methods of any one discipline or profession.

Front 45

health promotion

Back 45

refers to programs or interventions that focus on behavior changes directed toward improved health and well-being of individuals in relation to their environments.

Front 46

health-related quality of life

Back 46

is measured by a set of questions called “Healthy Days Measures,” addressing one’s perception of physical and mental health and functioning.

Front 47

screening programs

Back 47

are an essential component of disease prevention because they may detect serious and progressive conditions as early as possible.

Front 48

risk-reduction interventions

Back 48

are based on assessment of the risk for developing a particular condition, are directed toward reducing the chance of developing that condition. Eg: vaccinations

Front 49

• Environmental modifications:

Back 49

are health promotion activities when they reduce the risks or improve a person’s level of functioning.

Front 50

• The most widely heralded health promotion is

Back 50

physical activity.

Front 51

• Acute care for elders (ACE):

Back 51

comprehensive geriatric assessment units that provide multidisciplinary assessment and care planning for frail older adults. Key elements include: interdisciplinary team management, patient-centered nursing care…

Front 52

subacute care units

Back 52

provide skilled nursing and other skilled care services for patients who need comprehensive rehabilitation after major health altering episodes.

Front 53

hospital at home model

Back 53

is a cost cutting measure in response to the increasing demand for hospital admissions.

Front 54

transitional care

Back 54

designed to promote the safe and timely movement of patients through various care settings. And the main goal of transitional care is to provide coordination and continuity of health care across different settings. The 2 major concerns are medication discrepancies and continuity of care.

Front 55

• RED program (re-engineered hospital discharge program):

Back 55

3 major components: 1. A nurse discharge advocate is primarily responsible for coordinating discharge plans with the patient, 2. An after-hospital care plan document that is patient-centered, low-literacy level, and highly pictorial, and 3. Telephone follow-up by a clinical pharmacist 3 days post-discharge.

Front 56

nursing home

Back 56

a residential institutional setting for people who need assistance with several ADL. They must be certified as a Medicare or Medicaid facility.

Front 57

intermediate nursing home

Back 57

refers to nursing services provided for chronically ill people who need assistance with daily activities.

Front 58

skilled nursing home care

Back 58

Have requirements: must have spent 3 consecutive days in the hospital, referral from a doctor, and require skilled daily care. Medicare will cover up to 100 days but usually don’t.

Front 59

special care units

Back 59

separate units designed to address the needs of specific groups of residents who meet explicit admission criteria.

Front 60

the culture change movement

Back 60

major movement towards a slow and comprehensive set of fundamental reforms in the way that nursing homes provide care. A major goal is to change the philosophy toward a focus on health promotion, quality of life, and individualized care.

Front 61

skilled home care

Back 61

must meet the following criteria: must be homebound, ordered by a physician, be a need for skilled nursing, and person must require intermittent but

Front 62

long term home care

Back 62

is available for older adults who need home care but do not meet the requirements of Medicare-covered skilled care.

Front 63

• Adult day centers:

Back 63

provide structured social and recreational activities for functionally impaired older adults in a group setting. The goal is to maintain or improve the quality of life for impaired older adults, and their care givers.

Front 64

respite care

Back 64

refers to any service whose primary goal is to relieve caregivers periodically from the stress of their usual caregiving responsibilities. Goal is to include improved well-being for caregivers and delayed institutionalization of dependent older adults.

Front 65

parish nursing

Back 65

a holistic approach to addressing the physical, emotional, and spiritual health care needs of members of church based congregations, with a focus on health promotion, by offering screenings, and education.

Front 66

telehealth

Back 66

is the use of audio, video, and internet based devices to collect and transmit information for patient assessment through physiologic monitors connected to a computer in the home.

Front 67

on-lok

Back 67

provide a team of on-site mental and behavioral health professionals. Two positive outcomes are fewer admissions for inpatient psychiatric care and improved access to mental health services.

Front 68

Medicare

Back 68

covers primarily hospital and physician services, with very limited coverage for skilled care services in homes and nursing homes. Medicare has 2 parts, part A is funded through payroll taxes, and part B is financed through monthly premiums.

Front 69

Medigap

Back 69

are supplemental policies that attempt to fill in the gap between the services covered by original Medicare and those paid out of pocket.

Front 70

medicaid

Back 70

provides health insurance for poor people.

Front 71

older american act

Back 71

helps older adults remain independent in their own homes and communities. Most of the funds are allocated towards nutrition, such as home delivered meals.

Front 72

long term care insurance

Back 72

provide payment for a range of options not covered by health insurance programs, such as home care services, assisted-living facilities, and nursing home care. Premiums are based on the age of the person, and often times the cost outweighs the benefits.