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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Legal revolution to dictatorship

27/02/1933 - Reichstag Fire - Commies blamed and banned, fire used to justify anti-Commie


28/02/1933 - Hitler granted emergency powers, anti-Nazis arrested


05/03/1933 - Election - hope they get a majority, but still need nationalist support


23/03/1933 - Enabling Act - due to intimidation, Reichstag passes the Enabling Act giving Hitler total power and ending democracy - dictatorship based in legality


14/07/1933 - other parties are banned, Germany becomes a one party state

Gleichschaltung

Nazification of society ensuring cooperation



Revolution from below - local level


Revolution from above - national level


Idea to merge German society with the Nazi party institutions and beliefs


Allowing Nazis to control culture, social, education

Federal state impact

Regional Parliament abolished


Federal government have to follow central government

Political party impact

Commies banned


SDP banned


Most parties dissolve themselves


Nazis become only legal party - a one party state

TU impacts

Funds siezed


Leaders sent to concentration camps


DAF German Labour Front takes control of all TU business

Night of the Long Knives

June 1934


Röhm wants to merge army and SA but the army don't


Hitler chooses the army, and decides to execute Röhm and the SA leaders


Removes the SA


Wins support of the right and the army


Army begin new oath dedicated to Hitler - Reichswehreid


wehreid



SS become independent of SA


Shows the level of control Hitler had as he could get away with murder of opponents

Hindenburg death

August 1934


Hitler merges president and chancellor into 'Führer'

Hitler's image as leader

All powerful and all controlling


Chancellor, President, commander-in-chief

Hitler's role

He could not control all government areas


Government and law were still separate


Hitler had to rely on others to out his wishes into practice - made hard as Hitler did not like decision making, didn't meet with his ministers much, he did not allow people to make decisions without him


He focused on foreign policy


Cabinet met less and less, last time in 1938

Party and State

Nazi party never destroyed old institutions such as ministries led by civil servants


Hitler never clarifies their position leading to confusion


Hess (dep. Führer) in 1938 insists all civil servants must be Nazi members

Propaganda

Use of Volksgemeinschaft - glorify Aryan race, spreading Nazi values


Goebbels in charge


Censorship of all non Nazi culture and media


Creation of Hitler myth


Done through radio, press, drama, music, literature, art, film, ritual

Radio propaganda

Reich Radio Company


Cheap radio sets produced - People's Receiver - 70% own one by 1930


Loudspeakers installed in factories and offices


However, Goebbels puts music on 2/3 of the time to promote productivity

Press propaganda

Left wing and Commie papers closed


Reich Press Chamber controls all press


Editor's Law 1933 - have to report Nazi views


News companies under state control

Drama and Music propaganda

Strict control over them to enforce Nazi values


Experimental music and theatre banned


Jazz banned


Music by Jews banned

Literature and Art propaganda

Writers had to be positive about Nazism


Some books were banned and burnt at rallies


Modern art banned, and removed from galleries


Only Nazi ideal art was seen - German countryside and German warriors

Film propaganda

Reich Film Chamber


Weekly Review of political information shown before all films

Ritual propaganda

Heil Hitler greeting


Uniforms


Festivals celebrating seizure of power, party foundation, Munich Putsch, Hitler's birthday

Nazi ideology

Racial purity


Hierarchy of races, Aryans at the top, Jews and Slavs at bottom


Blaming Jews for all of Germany's problems


One party state


Nationalism


ToV had to be reversed


Overcoming of class

Courts

Harsher sentences


Harsher laws on political offences


SS leader appointed minister for justice


1939 - judges have to study Nazism

SS

Originally elite bodyguard


Answer only to Hitler


1929 - Heinrich Himmler became head


Himmler also controls police and Gestapo


Eventually they all come together


Preserves and enforced Nazi regime


Intelligence gathering


Later helps resettle 'ethinc Germans'


Later helps elimination of Jews

Gestapo

Secret police


Finds and arrests Nazi opponents - sent to concentration camps


Rely on informants and wardens


Wardens help enforce Nazism through flags and make sure people attend rallies


Unpopular in working class socialist areas

Concentration camps

1933 - political opponents imprisoned, questioned and tortured


1936 - increase in asocisls, criminals, gays


1937 - people who don't fit Volksgemeinschaft, gypsies, beggars, unemployed


1942 - turn into Jewish extermination camps, other prisoners transferred to labour camps



1939 - 25,000 prisoners 1945 - 715,000

Commie opposition

Leaflets against Nazis


Small impact


Many arrested following Reichstag fire

Social democrat opposition

Banned as a party


Anti-Nazi propaganda, mainly underground


Small impact

TU opposition

Arrested often


Some strikers


Mainly ineffective

Church opposition

Trying to preserve their own interests


Some leaders sent to concentration camps

Youth opposition

Groups: Swing Youth, Edelweiss Pirates, Roving Dudes


Jazz music


Dislike and don't conform to Hitler Youth military focus


Some attacks on Nazi military


Assassinate Gestapo but rare

Army opposition

Slow to develop


Support declines after Stalingrad


Start the bomb plot


Bomb plot fails


5000 resistance executed

Why was there little opposition

Economy - had actually improved so people were willing to accept some negative policy


Fear - people were afraid of the SS, Gestapo, and concentration camps


Divisions - different groups couldn't uinite


Secrecy - some Nazi activity was done in secret e.g. anti Jewish measures

Christianity and Nazis

Teachings directly contradict Nazi philosophy of violence and strength


Jesus was Jewish


Most Germans were Christians


Strong Christians would be less likely to support Hitler

Protestant church and Nazis

Support the Nazis as they agree about family values


Encouragement to support Nazis


Churches used as Nazi bases


Hitler tries to unite the Protestant church, but is resisted and can't do it


1934 - 2 bishops arrested for opposition


40% of pastors joing Confessional Church, independent of state

Catholic church

1933 - signs Concordat giving religious freedom


Nazis agree to not interfere in Catholics, or Catholic youth


Catholics agree to keep out of politics

Teutonic Paganism

Nazi alternative to Christianity


Upholds racial beliefs


Replaces Christian ceremonies with Pagan ones


Reject Christian ethics


Push Hitler culture

Nazi action on church

Cannot supress them as it would decrease support


Close some church schools


Ban crucifixes, nativities, carols


Campaigns to ruin Clergy


Some Clergy sent to CCs


Funds taken


With German war success, they were harsher on the church

Schact's economy

Needs to recover economy


Low interest rates


Assists farmers and small business


Introduce public work - Autobahns


Unemployment fell


But gov was short on money as they were importing so much

Schact's New Plan

1934


Gives gov total control on trade and trade prices and tariffs


Gov decides on imports - focus on heavy industry


Trade treaties across Europe signed


German imports had agreement of exports with them


Wants to reduce rearmament to increase industrial goods - "guns or butter" debate

Göring's 4 Year Plan

Increase rearmament primarily


Increase productivity so it could be self sufficient in food and industry


Increase agriculture produce


Increase raw material produce


Control labour force to prevent inflation


Regulate imports and exports


Result:


Some industry meets it's targets, a lot doesn't


Still relies on foreign materials - 1/3 of its needs


Not ready for a Total War

Workers position

Unemployment: 1933 - 6m 1936 - 1.5m


Helped by conscription 1935


Workers then support Nazis as they have work


Workers lose rights


TUs banned and DAF takes over


Cannot negotiate


'Strength through joy' - positives for workers e.g. holidays, only for loyal workers


Wages only back to normal in 1938


Working hours increase to 47 from 43 by 1939


Consumer industry struggles

Nazis view of women

Look after family and home, large families


'Kinder, Kuche, Kirche' - children, kitchen, church


Want to reverse the social gains of Weimar Germany


Ideally blonde and athletic, no smoking, no make-up, good cook

Nazi policy to women

1933-37:


Offered loans to give up work and marry


Excluded from politics


Less allowed to enter higher education and stopped from going to university


1937 onwards:


Labour shortage and need to meet industry targets means women go into factories, doctors, teaching


Women in work: 1937 - 5.5m 1939 - 7m


By 1942 as a result of war, over 50% of workforce female

Nazis, women, and family

Strict abortionsa and little contraception to increase birth rate - shows strength


Money given and tax reduction with each child


Mother's Cross gold, silver, bronze, given for more and more children born


Slogan: 'donate a child to the Führer


Lebensborn: homes to look after single mothers


Later, Lebensborn let's girls be impregnated by SS - 11,000 children born as a result

Nazi education

Schools centralised


Unreliable teachers removed, non Nazi teachers had to go to courses


Head teachers had to be Nazis


Curriculum change:


More PE, German, History, Biology


RS dropped


Elite schools - Ordensburgen


Few new schools


Anti academic meant fall in standards


Less teachers

Hitler Youth

Indoctrinates the youth as they were the future


1933 - 1% 1936 - 60% 1939 - compulsory


Different groups for boys and girls


Boys focus on military


Girls focus on domestics


Have to help with harvest later on


Increased military emphasis loses some support

Racial beliefs

Social Darwinism


Aryans superior


Jews were why WW1 was lost


Selective breeding would solve problems

Racial policy

Propaganda to create resentment


Sterilisation of mentally ill - 350,000


Chemical castration of sex offenders


Arrest of gays - 50,000


'work shy' sent to CCs 1936


Euthanasia campaign - mentally ill and handicapped - 5000 killed


Much of this done in secret

Gypsies

Don't want them mixing


Banned from amrrying Germans


Deported to Poland and CCs

Jews

anti-Semitism not new


Persecution gradually increased


Portrayed as inferior


Used as scapegoat for WW1, ToV, economic crisis



1933 - Boycott, exclusion from gov jobs


1935 - removal of citizenship, marriage between Jews and Germans stopped


1938 - ban on doctors, Polish Jews sent away, excluded from schools, compulsory closure and sale of Jewish business


Violence increased from local to national


Kristallnacht 1938 - homes and businesses destroyed, 100 killed


Forced to emigrate by 1938 - about half leave