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67 Cards in this Set
- Front
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Woodrow Wilson
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-Idealist with religious background -Fourteen points towards a more just world -Wanted to reduce armaments -Promoted self-determination -Wanted a League of Nations |
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Georges Clemenceau
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-French nationalist -Motivated by revenge -Wanted to annex the Rhineland as a Buffer State -Wanted major disarmament in Germany -Wanted heavy reparations on Germany |
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David Lloyd George
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-A pragmatist -Wanted revenge, but also a compromise -Wanted to guarantee British military security -Wanted to prevent communism -Wanted to prevent Clemenceau from going too far for economic reasons |
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Locarno Pact
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-1925 -Agreed with Britain, France and the USA -Rhineland Pact agreed to respect western borders, demilitarise the Rhineland and for Britain and Italy to support Britain France and Belgium if attacked, a mutual guarantee -The Arbitration Treaties agreed to settle disputed with neighbouring countries with a conciliation |
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Treaty of Berlin
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-1926 -Germany and the USSR had good relations since the Rapallo Treaty, allowing German pilots to train in the USSR -Germany would remain neutral if the USSR got involved in a war -The Locarno Pact secured the western borders, this secured the eastern borders |
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Kellogg-Briand Pact
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-1928 -American Secretary of State and French Foreign Minister -States signed to settle disputes diplomatically -Showed cooperation with 68 countries -Symbolic event -No enforcing mechanisms made it ineffective |
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Dawes Plan |
-1924 -Introduced the Rentenmark and the Reichsbank under Allied supervision -800 million marks was loaned from the USA -Payments wold increase from 1b to 2.5b marks per year over five years -Resulted in France leaving the Ruhr |
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Young Plan
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-1929 -Headed by Young, an American businessman -Reparations sum fell: £6.5b - £1.8b -Payment per year increased -Reparations to be paid until 1988 |
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Golden Age Arts
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-Expressionism expressed real emotions and feelings of Germans -The 'New Objectivity' movement sought to present life as it really was for Germans -Vivid colours and abstract -Used by Georg Grosz and Otto Dix -Schoenberg began to write experimental music -Kurt Weill wrote Mack the Knife |
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Golden Age Architecture
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-1919 -Walter Gropius founded the Bauhaus school -Sought to combine technology and art -Very functional -Resisted by conservatives |
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Golden Age Literature
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-Traditional, nostalgic literature was most popular -Avant Garde expressionism was beginning to integrate -All Quiet on the Western Front was a pacifist expressionist book |
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Golden Age Theatre
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-Expressionist ideas were incorporated -Left wing sympathies evident -Anti-capitalist, nationalist and war -Brecht and Kurt Weill developed a left-wing satire style of music theatre |
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Golden Age Film
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-Germany's film industry lead Europe -Metropolis (sci-fi) and Nosferatu (horror), new genres -Blue Angel was a very famous sexual film -Charlie Chaplain was popular |
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Golden Age Cabaret
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-Vibrant night life -Mocked the traditional German culture -Nudity, transvestism and homosexuality -Satirical comedy and jazz music from America |
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Rentenmark
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-Replaced the old Reichsmark in 1924 -One Rentenmark was worth one-trillion Reichsmarks -Was based on industrial and agricultural land rather than gold -Was replaced by gold once the value had been restored |
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Economy in The Golden Age
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-Unemployment always over 1.3 million -Weekly earnings nearly doubled -Industrial production doubled -Imports outweighed exports, but both steadily increased |
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Territorial Arrangements of Paris Peace Settlement |
-Alsace-Lorraine to France -West Prussia and Posen to Poland -Danzig and Memel made 'Free Cities' -Kiel Canal and rivers run by international commission |
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Peace Arrangements of Paris Peace Settlement |
-War Guilt Clause -Set out Covenant of the League of Nations -Germany could not join the league |
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Disarmament and Reparations Arrangement of Paris Peace Settlement |
-To be fixed later -In 1921, fixed at £6.6 billion -Payments made in coal -Conscription to be abolished -Rhineland to be demilitarized -German navy to be restricted, no submarines -Army limited to 100,000 |
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Diktat Claims |
-Unilateral disarmament, not as the 14 points intended -Self-determination not applied -German regions placed under foreign rule -War Guilt Clause was simply false -As the reparations figure was not set, Germany was signing a 'blank cheque' |
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Collapse of Imperial Germany |
1918 -Failure of Schlieffen Plan and Final Offensive-Food and fuel shortages -Limitations on economy -Long stalemate -Strength of Allies and casualties -Inflation |
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October Reform |
-1918 -Germany was an autocracy -Ludendorff wanted a constitutional monarchy for ideal peace terms, fewer uprisings and to transfer blame away from the military -This gave birth to the s'Stab in the Back' myth -Germany became a parliamentary democracy alongside armistice negotiations |
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Ebert-Groener Agreement |
-1918, a day after the declaration of the republic -Ebert would oppose the spread of revolutionary socialism and preserve the army officers' authority -Groener would support the new government with the force of the army |
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Stinnes-Legien Agreement |
-1918, 15th November -Stinnes was an industrial leader, Legien was a trade union leader -Stinnes would provide eight-hour days and legal recognition -Legien would not interfere with private ownership and the free market |
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Problems with the Constitution |
-Proportional Representation, allowed splinter parties into the Reichstag, unlike 'First Past the Post' -President and the Reichstag, the president was arguably an Ersatzkaiser -Article 48, arguably a 'constitutional anomaly' -This was what allowed Hitler to gain power |
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Weimar Constitution |
-Seventeen Lander, a federal structure -President could dissolve Reichstag, appoint chancellors, command the armed forces and rule by decree is necessary -The Reichstag had deputies elected every four years by proportional representation -The Reichstrat held local responsibilities of the Lander and could delay proposals -The Supreme Court settled different interpretations of the law |
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National Assembly Seats in order in 1919 |
-SDP, over 1/3 -ZP/BVP, 20% -DDP, slightly less -DNVP, 10% -USPD, 7.5% -DVP, 5% -The NSDAP and the KPD had no seats -75% voted for democratic parties |
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Spartacist Revolt |
-1919 -Spartacist Leauge wanted rule by proletariat -Occupied public buildings in January -Three days of fighting with the Freikorps resulted in 100 killed -Liebknecht and Luxembourg were murdered |
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German Revolution |
-9th November 1918 -Workers' Councils had been declaring socialist republics -The Kaiser eventually volunteered to go into exile in the Netherlands, without formally abdicating -Friedrich Ebert would form a left-wing provisional coalition government -Formed by the SPD and the USPD |
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Left-Wing Party Divisions |
-The SPD wanted a socialist republic with a parliamentary democracy but to prevent communism and increase welfare benefits -The USPD wanted Workers' Councils in conjunction with a parliament, and to nationalize industries and increase welfare benefits |
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Weakness of Golden Age Economy |
-Uneven growth, imports exceeding exports -In 1926, production declined -Unemployment was always about 1.3 million -Agricultural grain production was only 3/4 of the 1913 value -German exports were hindered by tariffs (foreign taxes) -There was a fall in world agricultural prices -Less enthusiasm to invest after the inflation -The economy was reliant on foreign loans |
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Welfare State |
-Erzberger introduced progressive taxes, increasing income tax to as high as 60% -Over 2 million houses were built from 1924-1931 -Schools, hospitals, parks, council housing and spots facilities were provided |
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Strengths of Golden Age Economy |
-Heavy industry increased to 1913 levels -More efficient production techniques -Growing number of cartels reduced cost -Exports rose by 40% -Hourly wages consistently increased |
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Golden Age Political Changes |
-The NSDAP fell to 2.6% of seats -The KPD hung at 10% of seats -The SPD never rose above 30% -7 different coalitions -The Centre Party was in every one -No coalition reached high a level of agreement -The 'Grand Coalition' in 1928 was the SPD's first, with the DDP, the DVP and the ZP -Many parties had divided opinion |
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Alfred Hugenburg |
-The DNVP vote fell in 1928 -Hugenburg took charge as an extreme nationalist -He had huge media influence; 150 newspapers -Spoke against democracy and the Young Plan |
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Paul von Hindenburg |
-1925 -Ebert's sudden death left the country divided -He had only 48% of the vote -He was arguably an Ersatzkaiser -But he strongly upheld the constitution -He was a monarchist at heart -He wanted move towards the right |
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Gustav Stresemann |
-1923 -Wanted a constitutional monarchy, but saw that the republic was the only way of avoiding a dictatorship -Wanted to improve Franco-German relations -Wanted to uphold fulfillment -Wanted to improve trade |
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Nazi Party Growth |
-Hitler and Drexler formed the 25-point program in 1921 -Hitler became leader in 1921 -The SA was set up and led by Rohm in 1921 -The 'People's Observer' was set up in 1921 -Hitler won support from Hermann Goring in 1922 -The party had 20,000 members in 1923 |
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Munich Putsch |
-1921 -Inspired by Mussolini -Hitler overestimated public support, lacked planning and relied too much on Ludendorff -Forced support from Kahr (the state government) and Lossow (the Bavarian army) -Kahr and Lossow withdrew and alerted the army -Hitler's 2000 SA soldiers were crushed by Bavarian police |
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Nazi Ideology |
-Wanted to establish a Volksgemeinschaft -Social Darwinism -The Herrenvolk was the Aryan race -The Jews were the scapegoat -Germany was 'stabbed in the back' by Tthe 'November criminals' -Wanted dictatorship with a Fuhrerprinzip -Wanted Lebensraum for Germany by conquering Poland |
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The Bamberg Conference |
-February 1926 -A new policy of legality was adopted -Some disagreement between branches -Gauleiters would manage districts -Hitler Youth, Nazi Teachers' Association, Union of Nazi Lawyer and the Order of German Women founded -SS founded as Hitler's personal guard |
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Extreme Left Ideology
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-Wanted a one-party communist state -Wanted social and economic reconstruction -Completely rejected Weimar democracy -Marx presented communist ideas in the Communist Manifesto -The proletariat was destined to overthrow the bourgeoisie and form a classless society |
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Red Bavaria
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-1919 -Bavarian monarchy had collapsed -New USPD leader was assassinated -Eugen Levine set up a Soviet Republic with a Red Army, wanteing radical reforms -The Freikorps brutally crushed the revolt, with 1000 killed, known as White Terror -Made Bavaria a haven for extremism |
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German October
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-1923 -Left wing revolutionary action grew -SPD/KPD state government in Saxony and Thuringia created -A wave of strikes and plans for communist military action occurred -Stresemann crushed the military units with the German army and reformed the governments |
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Extreme Right Ideology
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-Anti-Democracy and Anti-Marxism -Authoritarianism -'November Criminals' idea -Volkisch views and Anti-Semitism -Reactionary traditionalism -Nationalism |
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Freikorps
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-200 paramilitary units by 1919 -Fairly brutal and ugly as a military group -Employed by the government to supress threats from the left -Anti-republican and very intimidating -The government tried to control the group from 1920 |
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Consul Organisation
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-An extreme-right terrorist gang -Formed a big part of the 376 political murders from 1919-22 -Assassinated republicans such as Matthias Erzberger, an armistice negotiator and Walther Rathenau, the Jewish foreign minister |
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Kapp Putsch
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-1920 -Wolfgang Kapp encouraged 12,000 troops to march on Berlin and seize the main buildings -The army refused to put down the rebellion -The SPD members called a general strike which paralysed the capital -After four days, Kapp and the Freikorps fled the city |
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Political Polarisation
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-Extreme parties grew in support -There were six coalitions from 1919-23, all including the ZP -The Treaty of Versailles was largely responsible |
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Weaknesses of Economy in 1919
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-48% of iron ore lost with Alsace-Lorraine -Reparations figure -Falling value of the Mark against other currencies -National debt of 144 billion marks -World trade had collapsed |
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Causes of Hyperinflation
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-Long Term: Unprepared for a drawn-our war, national debt increased, shortage of consumer goods pushed prices up -Medium Term: Erzberger adopted deficit financing to stimulate the economy, but this meant inflation would continue, printing money to pay for hard currency for reparation payments -Short Term: French occupation of the Ruhr in 1922, prevention of coal from being delivered, striking against the occupation |
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Consequences of Hyperinflation
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-Peasants were self-sufficient and coped well because food was constantly in demand -The Mittelstand could exploit the marked and did good business -Industrial Workers' real wages improved into 1922 but in 1923 wage settlement could not be made -The elderly lost their fixed pensions -Businessmen paid of mortgages and bought property easily with worthless money |
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Social Effects of Hyperinflation
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-Increases in crime and suicides -Moral decline, such as prostitution -Increase in prejudice against scapegoats -Contributed to lack of faith of the republic -Psychological bitterness was expressed in the Great Depression later on |
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Stresemann's 100 Days
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-1923 -Led a wide coalition of left and right -Called of the passive resistance and installed fulfilment -Government expenditure was sharply cut -700,000 public employees were sacked -The Rentenmark was established -Extremists were defeated |
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Effects of Great Depression
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-Exports value fell by 55% -Unemployment rose to 6.1 million -Industrial production fell to 58% -Agricultural prices fell from 1.4 to 0.75 times that of 1913 -50,000 businesses went bankrupt -Little demand for goods and services -Some tenant farmers were evicted from homes |
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Causes of Great Depression |
-1929 -1.9 million were already unemployed -Farmers were already facing falling incomes -Large deficit in the government -The Wall Street crash was the final straw, but depression was likely anyway |
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Political Changes during Great Depression
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-1928-30 -KPD rose from 11% to 13% -All democratic parties fell -No party got more than 25% in 1930 -NSDAP rose from 2.6% to 18%, focusing on rural areas -Right-wing votes shifted from DNVP to NSDAP |
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Heinrich Bruning
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-1930-32 -Had to rely on Article 48, making Germany a presidential government -Decrees increased from 5 to 66 per year -Drastically cut spending and raised taxed -Mocked as 'the Hunger Chancellor' -Failed to introduce public works |
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Bruning's Fall
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-1932 -Hindenburg disagreed with his Land Reform ideas to transfer Junkers' land to allotments for the unemployed -Schleicher and many right-wingers used their intrigue to push for his resignation -He was too dependant on the president |
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Von Papen
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-Member of ZP, but very nationalistic -No seat in the Reichstag, limited experience -Became chancellor in 1932, Schleicher wanted to influence events through Papen -Had a non-party 'Cabinet of Barons' -Hitler agreed not to oppose the new government if the Reichstag was dissolved -This resulted in calling fresh elections |
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Political Changes from 1930-1932
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-NSDAP grew to 37% of the vote -DNVP and the DVP shrunk significantly -SPD declined from 30% to just over 20% -The Nazis attracted new voters, with 85% turnout -Non-democratic votes added to over 50% -Democratic parties all declined -Papen abolished the Bavarian State Government, which further diminished the parliamentary system |
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The Death of Weimar Democracy
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-Many leading figures were anti-democracy -Almost continuous economic problems -Democratic parties lost support -The ZP and the DNVP were moving right -The SPD failed to join coalition governments |
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Kurt von Schleicher
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-1932-33 -Held various posts from 1919 -Influential in appointed chancellors, reluctant to be chancellor himself -Tried to tame the Nazis by holding them under control |
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Hermann Muller
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-1928-30 -Signed the Paris Peace Settlement -He formed the Grand Coalition -Withstood from National Opposition -Struggled to keep the coalition united in opinion -Parties could not agree on how to deal with unemployment and deficit in national insurance scheme |
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NSDAP Popularity
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-Disproportionate number of young people, over 40% of Nazi members were young adults in 1932 -It was genuinely a 'volkspartei' with wide-ranging supporters -Goebbels made ingenuitive use of new media: radio, film, canvassing, Flight over Germany 1932, mass suggestion |
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Reichstag Fire
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-27th February 1933 -Van der Lubbe arrested, a Dutch communist -Frick proposed the 'Decree for the Protection of People and State', suspending most civil and political rights -Hundreds of communists were arrested, and violence intensified -Nazis achieved over 40% through intimidation |
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Enabling Act
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-March 1933 -Abandoned parliamentary legislation, transferring power to the chancellor and government -Able to secure support from ZP to reach 2/3 majority by promising to respect the Catholic Church -Hitler was able to secure a legal revolution |
