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48 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Epidermis
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Surface ectoderm
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Hair
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Surface ectoderm
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Nails
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Surface ectoderm
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Inner and external ear
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Surface ectoderm
(but NOT middle ear) |
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Tooth enamel
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Surface ectoderm
(but NOT odontoblasts and the dentin they produce) |
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Lens of eye
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Surface ectoderm
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Anterior Pituitary
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Surface ectoderm
(Rathke's pouch from oral ectoderm that grows upward) |
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Parotid Gland
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Surface ectoderm
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Mammary Glands
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Surface ectoderm
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Anal canal below the pectinate line
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Surface ectoderm
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Central Nervous System
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Neuroectoderm of the neural tube
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Retina and optic nerve
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Neuroectoderm of the neural tube
(The optic nerve is an outgrowth of the CNS and therefore covered not only by oligodendrocytes but all three meningeal layers. As a result it can fall victim to pathologies of any of those structures. Ex: Multiple Sclerosis) |
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Pineal Gland
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Neuroectoderm of the neural tube
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Neurohypophysis (Posterior Pituitary)
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Neuroectoderm of the neural tube - it is a downward outgrowth of the CNS
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Astrocytes
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Neuroectoderm of the neural tube
(The only glial cells that are not neuroectodermal in origin are microglia which are derived from monocytes that migrate to the CNS at birth) |
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Oligodendrocytes
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Neuroectoderm of the neural tube
(The only glial cells that are not neuroectodermal in origin are microglia which are derived from monocytes that migrate to the CNS at birth) |
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Adrenal Medulla
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Neural Crest
(The adrenal medullary cells - chromaffin cells - are basically modified post-synaptic sympathetic ganglion cells. Presynaptic (preganglionic) neurons release acetylcholine onto chromaffin cells, eliciting release of catecholamines (especially epinephrine) into the blood, rather than releasing norepinephrine onto a synapse) |
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Ganglia (Both pseudounipolar sensory ganglia (DRG) and postganglionic autonomic ganglia)
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Neural Crest
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Pigment cells (Melanocytes)
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Neural Crest
(This is why neurofibromatosis --> cafe au lait spots) |
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Schwann Cells
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Neural Crest
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Leptomeninges (Pia and Arachnoid only)
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Neural Crest
(The Pia and Arachnoid are derived from the neural crest. The Dura, however, is derived from mesoderm) |
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Pharyngeal Arch Cartilage
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Neural Crest
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Odontoblasts
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Neural Crest
(But remember, the enamel of teeth is derived from surface ectoderm) |
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Parafollicular Cells of the Thyroid
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Neural Crest
(Compare to the follicles of the thyroid which are endodermal in origin) |
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Aorticopulmonary Septum
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Neural Crest
(Defects in migration --> Tetralogy of Fallot) |
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Endocardial Cushions
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Neural Crest
(Problems in migration --> VSDs and A/V valvular defects, as in Down Syndrome) |
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Muscle
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Mesoderm
(Smooth, cardiac and skeletal muscle are all derived from mesoderm) |
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Connective Tissue
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Mesoderm
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All serous membranes
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Mesoderm
The epithelial layer (mesothelium) is a SIMPLE SQUAMOUS EPITHELIUM which produces lubricating serous fluid. These cells are bound tightly to the underlying connective tissue, which provides the blood vessels and also serves as the binding layer which allows the whole serous membrane to adhere to organs and other structures. Do not confuse serosa with adventitia - which, rather than reducing friction between structures, adheres them to one another. |
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Bone and cartilage
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Mesoderm
Exceptions: pharyngeal arch cartilage which is derived from neural crest cells and produces the mandible and bones of the ear. |
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Blood, Lymph and cardiovascular organs
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Mesoderm
Do not get confused by the fact that blood vessels and the heart are lined with endothelium. |
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Adrenal Cortex
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Mesoderm
(Contrast with the adrenal medulla which is of neural crest origins) |
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Gonads and internal reproductive organs
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Mesoderm
(In females, the lower vagina is derived from endoderm, similarly to the bladder and urethra) |
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Kidney and Ureter
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Mesoderm
(In addition, the region of the bladder where the ureters enter the bladder, the trigone, is also mesodermal) |
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Dura Mater
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Mesoderm
(Unlike the leptomeninges, which are derived from neural crest. Think of the dura as being one with the bone which is also mesodermal) |
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Nucleus Pulposus of the spinal column
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Notochord mesoderm
This means that many structures in the spinal column are mesodermal: The vertebrae, the nucleus pulposus between them, and the dura mater The anulus fibrosus is also mesodermal (fibrocartilage) |
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GI epithelia
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Endoderm
Note that smooth muscle and connective tissue are mesodermal |
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Lower respiratory tract epithelium (larynx, trachea, bronchi and lung)
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The lower respiratory tract begins as an outgrowth of the gut endoderm - the respiratory diverticulum)
Note that the smooth muscle, connective tissue and cartilage are all mesodermal |
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Genitourinary epithelium (Bladder, urethra, and lower vagina)
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Endoderm
An exception to this is the trigone of the bladder which is mesodermal. The upper vagina is also mesodermal. |
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Auditory tube and middle ear
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Pharyngeal pouch endoderm
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Palatine Tonsils
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Pharyngeal pouch endoderm
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Parathyroid Glands
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Pharyngeal pouch endoderm
The thyroid follicles are also endodermal in origin. The only exception in the thyroid is the Parafollicular (C-cells) which are of neural crest origins. Note: In DiGeorge Syndrome you see CATCH-22 due to deletions on chromosome 22q: Cardiac Abnormality (especially tetralogy of Fallot) Abnormal facies Thymic aplasia Cleft palate Hypocalcemia |
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Thymus
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Pharyngeal pouch endoderm
Note: In DiGeorge Syndrome you see CATCH-22 due to deletion on chromosome 22q: Cardiac Abnormality (especially tetralogy of Fallot) Abnormal facies Thymic aplasia Cleft palate Hypocalcemia |
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Liver parenchyma
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Endoderm
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Pancreatic parenchyma
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Endoderm
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Submandibular and Sublingual Salivary Glands
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Endoderm
(Compare to the parotid gland which is derived from surface ectoderm) |
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Follicles of Thyroid Gland
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Endoderm
(Note: The thymus, thyroid parenchyma, and parathyroids are all endodermal. The C-cells of the thyroid, however, are of neural crest origins) |
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Spleen
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Mesoderm
Think of the spleen as an extension of the cardiovascular system. The heart, major blood vessels and blood are all mesodermal. |