Geosphere

Front 1

Rocks and Minerals

Back 1

Geosphere is composed of (2)

Front 2

Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic

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Rocks classified into (3)

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Mineral

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Is defined as naturally-occuring, inorganic solid with definite chemical composition and an ordered internal structure

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Natural, Inorganic, Solid, Unique Chemical Composition and Crystalline Shape

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General characteristics of minerals (5)

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Natural

Back 5

No help from human

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Inorganic

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Minerals was never alive (for ex. coal was formed naturally on the Earth's crust but it came from plants. Therefore it is not considered as mineral)

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Solid

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Minerals have definite shape and volume. So liquid cannot be minerals

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Unique chemical composition

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Some of the minerals are compound which are made up of more than one element

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Crystalline shape

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Particles of a minerals line up in a pattern that repeats formig crystals

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Crystal

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Solid with atoms arranged in an orderly and repeating pattern

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(1) The cooling of the hot, liquid rock called magma causes compounds to combine

(2) The eveporation of water that has minerals dissolved in it

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(2) ways that minerals form

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We look at the Physical Properties

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How we identify Minerals?

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Color and Appearance

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-can be misleading

-many minerals will have similar appearance but will have different impurities

-are not enough to distinguish minerals

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Luster

(1) shiny surface

(2) dull, non shiny surface can also includes pearly, glassy and silky

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-refers to the way a minerals reflects light from its surface

-metallic=(1)

-non-metallic=(2)

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Streak

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The color of the powdered form of the minerals

-the color of this can be different than the mineral

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White ceramic plate

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We can identify minerals streak by rubbing it on a ______________

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Clear

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Pure quartz

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Purple

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Amethyst

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Black

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Smoky quartz

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Green

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Adventurine

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Hardness

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How easily a minerals scratches material

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Mohs Hardness Scale

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Scale from 1 (softest) to 10 (hardest)

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Cleavage and Fracture

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The way mineral breaks

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Cleavage

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Minerals break along smooth, flat surfaces and every fragment has the same general shape

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Fracture

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Minerals that break at random with rough or jagged edges

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(1) Fluorescence

(2) Chemical Reaction

(3) Optical Properties

(4) Taste

(5) Magnetism

(6) Radioactivity

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Physical Properties of Minerals (6)

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Rock Cycle

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Transformed, Generated and Destroyed

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Magma

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Located below the Earth's surface

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Lava

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Hot molten rock leaving the volcano

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Paleontologist

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The one who study fossils

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Ignis, means fire

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Igneous come from the Latin word ____________

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Coarse-grained

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Below the surface, from slowly cooling magma

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Plutonic rock

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Rocks formed when magma cools and solidified below the Earth's surface

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Fine-grained

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On the surface, from rapidly cooling lava

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Volcanic rock

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Formed when lava cools and solidies on the Earth's surface

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Ignimbrite, pumice and scoria

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On the surface, from consolidated particles erupted by explosive volcanic activity

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Granite, Dionite, Cyanite, Basalt and Andesite

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(5) Igneous rock

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Deposition

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Accumulation on the Earth's surface

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Sedimentary Rocks

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Combination of weathering and erodion and organic materials

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Lithification

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Process by which unconsolidated materials become solidified into rock

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Clay, Limestone, Sandstone, Conglomerate, and Bauxite

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(5) Sedimentary Rocks

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Metamorphic Rocks

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Form from the exposure of sedimentary or igneous rocks to high pressure and high temperature

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Metamorphic Rocks

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Sometimes subjected to heat brought by magma

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Protolith

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Prior to metamorphisms the original rock which can be either igneous or sedimentary rock

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(1) Slate

(2) Schist

(3) Gneiss

(4) Quartzite

(5) Marble

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(5) Metamorphic Rocks

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Ores

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Naturally occuring materials that can be profitably mined

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Deposit

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Is considered a potential ore body if its localized abundance is greater than its average abundance or distribution on Earth's crust

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(1) Overall Chemical composition

(2) Percentage of extractable resource with respect to its total volume

(3) Market value of the resource

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A rock or mineral is considered an based on the ff. (3)

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Profitability

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Determines an ore's value

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Geologists

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Scientists who study the Earth and the processes on and in it

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5th

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Philippines is the __th most mineralized country in the world

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3rd;4th;5th

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The Philippines is __rd in gold reserves, __th in copper and ___th in nickel

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The ring of fire

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Major area in the basin of the pacific ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur

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40,000 (25,000mi)

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Ring of fire, in a large _______ horseshoe shape

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452 volcanoes

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Ring of fire contains ______ volcanoes (more than 75% of the world's active and dormant volcanoes)

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Iron

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Main material for steel bars used in buildings and road construction

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Bulacan, Davao, Marinduque, Cotabato

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Iron can be found in (4)

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Copper

Back 58

Used in making electrical wires

Front 59

Surigao del Norte

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Copper can be found in (1)

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Tin

Back 60

Material used in milk cans and other preserved products

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Nickel

Back 61

Mixed with copper or other metals to form stainless cooking wares

Front 62

Surigao del Norte, Palawan, Romblon

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Nickel can be found in (3)

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Gold

Back 63

Important in making jewelry

Front 64

Benguet, Bulacan, Masbate

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Gold and Silver cans be found in (3)

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Zambales, Cebu, Masbate

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Platinum can be found in (3)

Front 66

Northern and Southern Luzon, Zambales

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Chromite can be found in (2)

Front 67

Ore bodies

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Are unevenly distributed throughout the Earth's crust

Front 68

Potential ore bodies

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Are located by recognizing that geologic process or combination of processes can produce a localized enrichment of one or more minerals and the these processes only happen in a particular types of environment

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Hydrothermal Fluid Circulation

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Most common type of ore mineral deposition process

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Hydrothermal Fluid

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Form when groundwater or seawater is heated by magma or when hot, aqueous solutions are expelled from a cooling plutonic body

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Mechanical Weathering

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Breakdown because of natural disaster

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Metamorphic processes

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Lead to alteration and recrystallization of minerals and aids the formation and localization of economically important materials

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Magmatic processes

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Create ore minerals which are concentrated due to their premature recrystallization and separation from magma

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Kimberlite magma

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Special type of magma, originates within the mantle and is the source of diamonds, which only at depths greater than 150 km

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Chemical sedimentary processes

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Form evaporate deposits from the precipitation of saltwater minerals and the evaporation of lake water

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Action current

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Flowing surface water tends to take sediments along

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Placer deposits

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If the wave action and strength is constant, it causes a selective sifting effect that removes sediments and leaves behind those that are heavier in what are called

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Chemical weathering

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All rocks exposed to oxygen and water undergo _______, chemical changes their mineral components that result in their alteration into other minerals and into the formation of residual ore deposits

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Mining

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Refers to a set of processes in which useful resources are with drawn from a stock of any nonrenewable resources

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Prospecting or exploration

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Looking for the ore body- a deposit that can yield a large amount of the required ore mineral

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Drilling

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Extracting a part of the ore to determine the resulting ore, its quality and amount of ore minerals (grade)

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Modeling

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Determining the ore's size, shape, and grade distribution throughout the deposit to apply appropriate mining methods, blast and dig pattern designs, safety precautions and efficiency and processing methods

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Identifying and assessing the potential impacts

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Considering on the social and environmental aspects and finding ways of mitigating any consequence of the mining operation, with the purpose of bringing the area back as close to its original state as possible

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Designing and constructing the mine

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Creating the appropriate mine and operational design and proceeding with the construction once all the necessary permits are acquired from the government and local communities

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Ore extraction

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Separation of high grade ores from the rest of the deposit

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Milling

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Crushing and concentration of ores; waste materials are released

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Mine site decommissioning

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Closure of the depleted mine; the mine site is cleaned up and reclaimed or rehabilitated for other purposes