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60 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Pediment Pass
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pediment with no residual knob left; only flat, gently sloping surface
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Alluvial fan
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landform formed as a stream exits an area of high relief and enters a broad flat plain.
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Bajada
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Flat depositional surface where many individual alluvial fans meet.
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Playa
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dry lake bed
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Delta
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triangular shaped protuberance in the shoreline which forms when a river meets a large body of water.
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Cycle of Erosion
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Youth- steep
Mature- less steep Old Age- flat |
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Peneplane
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Old-age flat erosional feature is the END PRODUCT of cycle erosion
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Lateral Planation
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meandering river goes back to the process of meandering back and forth flattening out an area.
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Fluvial terraces
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formed by something perturbing the system resulting in incision leaving areas to the side outside the areas of erosion
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Cut-in bedrock terrace
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erosional surface
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Fill terrace
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constructed by deposition, river incises into new level and then fills.
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Cut and fill terrace
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river meanders back and forth creating deposition, then cuts down through it and, while cutting, fills it back up.
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Cyclic erosional surface
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similar to a pediment, relics of former flood plain, now dissected.
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Stripped strctural surface
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surface formed by selective stripping of the low resistance surface from high resistance rocks leaving behind a low relief plane.
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Entrenched meander
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due to uplift around a meander, the meander is stuck in it's course
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Porosity
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volume of void space/total volume
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3 Spaces for Porosity
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Intergranula spaces
Fractures Solution Cavities |
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Primary porosity
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poristy before any changes to a rock (fractures)
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Secondary porosity
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porosity after alteration to a rock
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Packing
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how tightly packed grains are within a rock
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Sorting
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relative size of grains within a rock
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Permeability
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ease at which fluids travel through a rock
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Specific yield
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ratio of volume of water that is drained by gravity from saturated sediments to the total volume of the material
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Specific retention
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ratio of volume of water retained after draining by gravity to total volume
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Porosity =
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specific yield + specific retention
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Hydraulic conductivity
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volume of water at a given viscosity that will move in a porous medium in a unit time under a unit hydraulic gradient through a unit area measured at right angles to the plane
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Darcy's law
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Q= PIA
Q= discharge P= hydraulic conductivity (m/s) I= hydraulic gradient A= cross-sectional area (m^2) |
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Water table
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upper surface of zone of saturation
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Zone of saturation
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subsurface area in which all porosity is filled
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Aquifer
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geologic unit that can store and transmit economic quantities of water
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Unconfined aquifer
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extends continuously from a land surface downward through a material with high permeability
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Confined aquifer
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bound both above and below with impermeable or nearly impermeable layers
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Artesian aquifer
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aquifer under enough pressure that, if allow to connect to surace, water would flow freely to surface
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Thermal spring
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groundwater becomes heated to high temperatures due to a heat source in the surface
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Karst topography
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formed by dissolution
characterized by: Sinkholes Caves Underground drainage |
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Types of Sinkholes
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Solution sinkhole
Collapse sinkhole |
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Uvala
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compound sinkhole
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Polje
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large closed depression with flat alluvial fill
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Karst lake or Sinkhole Pond
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Karst lake intersects the groundwater table
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Solution chimney
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dissolving of limestone walls along fissures or bedding planes that are structurally controlled
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Vertival shafts
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circular cylinders with vertical walls that cut across fissures and bedding planes
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Disappearing stream
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river flows into karst features underground
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Karst valley
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valley where large percent of drainage is underground
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Dry valley
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remnant valley with all present drainage underground
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Pocket valleys
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fluvial valley that abruptly ends at a sinkhole
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Blind valleys
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valley flows away from a sinkhole
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Coast of submergence has...
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lots of estuaries
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Tidal flat
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areas that are submerged during high tide (mud-flat)
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Coral reefs
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predominantly found in temperatures between 77 and 86 degrees Fahrenheit
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Darwin
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first to model how an atoll (ring of reef around a lagoon) formed
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Fringing reef
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form around a seamount (less than 60m)
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Mangroves
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big integrated root system of trees captures sediment
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Glacier
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masses of ice or granular snow formed by compaction or recrystallization of snow lying largely or wholly on land and showing evidence of past or present movement
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Firn
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line between snow and ice (recrystallized snow)
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Pressure melting
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under great pressure, ice can melt and still have temerature of <0 degrees C
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Regelation
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melting and refreezing due to changes in pressure
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Glacial Movement Mechanisms
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Basal sliding
Plastic flow Compressive flow Extending flow Crevasses |
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Basal sliding
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glacier slides over it's bed
meltwater is extremely important |
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Plastic flow
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Intergranular shifting- movement taken place by rotating of crystal grains within a glacier
Intragranular shifting- crystals of ice are sheared (break parallel to movement) Recrystallization- pressure melting important- ice melts and then refreezes down-slope |
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Compressive flow
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decrease veolicty, ice thickness
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