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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Where is Tectonic activity: plate boundaries vs. interior? What kind happens in different places? |
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What is orogenesis, what happens during orogenesis? |
Orogensis is mountain building. During it rocks undergo DEFORMATION, when they are squashed, stretched bent or broken |
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What is deformation and what causes it? |
Deformation is the change in configuration of a body of material in response to stretching, squeezing, sheering into a new configuration |
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Understand what stress and strain are, how stress can cause strain. Be sure to know the differences between stress and strain. |
Stress is the force applied to a surface per unit area. strain is the change in shape of a material from its original shape to a new shape, caused by stress |
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What are the different types of stress? What about strain? |
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Understand the transition from brittle to ductile behavior in rocks, and how burial and increasing temperature and pressure influence mechanical behavior |
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Know the components of a fault, be able to describe it’s architecture |
A fault is composed of a fault zone, a hanging wall (where a miners head would be), and the footwall (where a miners feet would be. |
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joints |
fracture in rock, crack where rock pulled apart:formed by burial and tectonic forces, or cooling and contraction or unloading |
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faults |
planar fractures on which sliding has occurred, rocks have slipped past one another: creates earthquakes, active @ plate boundries |
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Veins: |
fractures filled in with minerals: formed by filling in open voids or fluids pushing open rock to create space |
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Stress |
the amount of force divided by the area on which the force is applied |
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Strain |
change in shape or volume of a body as a result of stress |
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Orogenesis |
the formation of mountains or the time period during which tectonic activity causes deformation and forms mountains. |
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Differential stress |
a condition with unequal stresses from different directions. |
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Fluid Pressure |
pressure from water in pore spaces that pushes outward in all directions and opposes the inward-directed confining pressure on the rock |
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How do you describe the orientation of a plane? What is strike and dip? |
strike- the line formed by the intersection of a plane and the horizon |
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How are faults classified? |
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What is Dip slip vs. Strike slip? How is a normal fault different from a reverse fault or a strike slip fault? What sort of strain results from different faults? |
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Be able to identify normal vs. reverse vs. strike slip faults |
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Understand Fold Terminology-Limb, Hinge, ect. |
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Subduction |
is the process that takes place at convergent boundaries by which one tectonic plate moves under another tectonic plate and sinks into the mantle as the plates converge. |
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Continental Collision |
is a phenomenon of the plate tectonics of Earth that occurs at convergent boundaries.Regions where this process occurs are known as subduction zones. |
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Hotspots |
is a location on the Earth's surface that has experienced active volcanism for a long period of time. |
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Craton |
the old, low density, stable part of continents, usually rocks found in center of continents, lowest density of continental crust. the stable interior portion of a continent |
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Oceanic trench |
a type of thin, mafic crust that underlies the ocean basins. |
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Accretionary Prism |
is formed from sediments that are accreted onto the non-subducting tectonic plate at a convergent plate boundary. accretionary prism forms along the subduction zone |
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Geologic Terrane |
as distinct from the more general topographic term 'terrain', is a crustal block or fragment that is typically bounded by faults and that has a geologic genesis distinct from those of surrounding areas. |
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What do normal, strike slip, and reverse faults do to the crust? Which faults cause extension? What about shortening? |
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What is continental accretion? |
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How do continents grow? |
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Where does brittle deformation take place within the earth? What about ductile deformation?. |
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How does the strength of the earth vary with depth? Why does this change? |
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What controls regional elevation? |
Understand the different ways mountain belts are created and regional elevation is built up |
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Know how elevation is decreased |
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Where do you find mountain belts? What are the plate tectonic settings? What processes occur in different tectonic settings (think accretion or addition of magma) |
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Subduction of Oceanic Crust |
crust thickened by addition of magma, also thickened by shortening & material also added by accretion. As the slab-pull force pulls the subjecting plate down into the subduction zone, OCEANIC trench forms. Horizontal compression leads to strain and formation of thrust faults. Accretionary prism forms along subduction zone. Magma rises from melting of sub ducting slab and is emplaces in the plate |
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Continental Collision |
high elevation bc one continent tries to subduct under the other, this cant happen so the they become sutured and thickness of crust is doubled. Results in significant accretion. The interiors of collisional mountain belts = significant metamorphism |
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Mantle Upwelling |
lead to regional heights, usually prelude to rifting, occur at hot spots |
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What is an exotic terrane and how does this build new continental crust? How does this influence continental formation? |
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What is a hotspot? |
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Understand how a rift forms and how this is different from a hot spot (it is different) |
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What can change local elevation? |
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How does erosion cause local mountains? |
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What is a rift basin? What about a flexural basin? |
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Epicenter |
the point on Earth’s surface directly bove where an earthquake occurs |
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Hypocenter |
the place where an earthquake is generated |
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Elastic Strain |
the ability of a material to strain a small amount and then return to its original shape when the stress is decreased |
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Seismic Wave |
elastic waves produced by earthquakes or generated artificially |
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S-Wave (Secondary Wave) |
a seismic body wave propagated by a shearing motion that involves movement of material perpendicular to the direction of propagation an S wave cannot travel through magma and other liquids. |
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P-Wave (Primary Wave) |
a seismic body wave that involves particle motion, consisting of alternating compression and expansion, in the direction of propagation. |
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Surface Wave |
seismic waves that travel on Earth’s surface |
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Seismometer |
sensitive digital instruments that are able to precisely detect a wide range of earthquakes |
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Tsunami |
a large sea wave produced by uplift, subsidence, or some other disturbance of the seafloor, especially by a shallow submarine earthquake. |
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Earthquake |
sudden movement of earth caused by the abrupt release of energy |
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What is an Earthquake? What are seismic waves? |
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How do earthquakes cause tsunamis? |
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What are the different ways that seismic waves can be generated? Which way produces the biggest earthquakes? |
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What elastic rebound? Give a real life example? |
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Explain what happens to rock before, during, and after an earthquake occurs in terms of stress and strain |
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Where do earthquakes start? |
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Understand the systems that produce earthquakes (MOR, Subduction, Collision). Where do these earthquakes occur (how deep and where in the plate)? How big are the earthquakes? |
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How are earthquakes monitored? What equipment is used? What does it measure? |
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What are the different types of seismic waves? How are they different? |
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Why can’t s-waves move through liquid? |
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How do we triangulate earthquake epicenters? |
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Understand wave refraction and reflection-be able to figure out which way a wave will bend at a boundary |
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Angular Unconformity |
an unconformity (ancient erosion surface) in which the older, underlying strata dip more steeply or at a different angle than the younger, overlying strata |
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Nonconformity |
an unconformity in which the older rocks below the unconformity are not layered |
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Disconformity |
an unconformity in which the bedding planes above and below the break are essentially parallel, but the unconformity surface records erosion or some other interruption in the deposition of layers |
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Isotope |
one or two or more species of the same chemical element but differing from one another by having a different number of neurons |
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Radioactive Decay |
the spontaneous disintegration and emission of particles from an unstable atom |
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Half-life |
in radioactive decay, refers to the time it takes for half of the parent atoms to decay into a daughter product |
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Parent Isotope |
an isotope before it undergoes radioactive decay |
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Daughter Isotope |
the element produced by radioactive decay of a parent atom |
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Relative vs. Absolute Dating |
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Know the principles of geology and relative dating and what they mean |
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What are the different types of unconformities? |
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How are fossils preserved? |
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How can we use fossils to determine age of rock? |
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What is stratigraphic correlation? Be able to do a basic correlation |
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What is an isotope? |
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Be able to use half-life and parent and daughter isotope information to determine age. (Basic equation will be given) |
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What can radiometric dating determine? |
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What assumptions are used for radiometric dating? |
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Hydrosphere |
is the liquid water component of the Earth. It includes the oceans, seas, lakes, ponds, rivers and streams. |
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Hydrologic Cycle |
the sequence of conditions through which water passes from vapor in the atmosphere through precipitation upon land or water surfaces and ultimately back into the atmosphere as a result of evaporation and transpiration |
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Runoff |
is the flow of water that occurs when excess stormwater, meltwater, or other sources flows over the earth's surface. |
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Drainage Basin |
an area in which all drainages merge into a single stream or other body of water |
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Discharge |
the volume of water flowing through some stretch of river or stream per unit of time |
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Hydrograph |
a graph showing the change in the amount of flowing water |
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Sediment Capacity |
total amount of sediment that a stream is able to transport |
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Suspended Load |
fine particles, generally clay and silt, that are carried suspended in moving water |
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Bed Load |
material, commonly sand and larger, that is transported along the bed of a river. |
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Saltation |
transport of sediment in which particles are moved in a series of short, intermittent bounces on a bottom surface. |
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Traction |
the process by which particles roll, slide, or otherwise move on the surface, by such transport agents as streams, wind or waves. |
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Thalweg |
a line drawn to join the lowest points along the entire length of a stream bed or valley in its downward slope, defining its deepest channel. |
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Levee |
a long, low ridge of sediment deposited by a stream next to the channel: some levees are built by humans to keep floodwaters from spilling onto a floodplain. |
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River Delta |
a landform that forms at the mouth of a river, where the river flows into an ocean, sea, estuary, lake, or reservoir. Deltas form from deposition of sediment carried by a river as the flow leaves its mouth |
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What causes water to move in a stream? |
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What are the different types of drainage patterns? What causes these differences? |
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What watershed/drainage basin do you live in? What river does all of the rain in Geneseeo drain into? |
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What is discharge and how do we measure discharge? |
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What causes erosion, transportation, and deposition? What is the difference between erosion and weathering? |
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Know how transportation and deposition change with current velocity and sediment size |
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suspended load |
results in sediments floating in water. |
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Soluble Ions |
are dissolved and carried by moving water. |
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Saltation |
is when sand grains roll and bounce along. |
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Bed load |
is the material moving on the riverbed. |
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At high velocity, |
sand and smaller particles are carried in suspension. |
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At moderate velocity, |
silt and clay remain suspended but sand moves as bed load, and at the lowest possible velocity, sand dropped but silt and clay remained in suspension- all of this summarized in Hjulstrom plot. |
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Understand the difference between laminar and turbulent flow |
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How do meanders form? |
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What is the thalweg? Where is the thalweg going to be around a meander? |
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What is the difference between a braided stream and a meandering stream? |
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How do natural levees form? |
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How do streams erode? Understand how this leads to terrace development |
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Know where streams deposit sediment and understand the conditions that lead to this deposition. |
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What is a flood? |
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What are deltas? What happens at deltas? How do waves and tides change the shape of deltas? |
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Sonar |
using sound waves to determine the distance to reflecting objects, especially depth of the seafloor or a lake bottom |
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What types of features do we see in continental rifts? What about around Mid Ocean Ridges? |
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How are oceans explored? How do we make maps of oceans if we have very limited subsurface exploration and direct mapping? |
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