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59 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
water found in the pores of soil and sediment, plus narrow fractures in bedrock
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groundwater
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what is the largest reservoir of fresh water that is readily available to humans
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groundwater
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What does dissolving groundwater produce as an erosional agent
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sinkholes and caverns
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What does groundwater serve as an equalizer for?
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streamflow
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Water held by molecular attraction on soil particles in the near-surface zone
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Belt of soil moisture
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Wehn water is not held as soil moisture percolates downward it is called
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filtrate and is the zone of saturation
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the upper limit of the zone of saturation(where ground is saturated)
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water table
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Extends upward from the water table and groundwater is held by surface tension in tiny passages between grains of soil or sediment
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capillary fringe
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The area above the water table, includes the capillary fringe and the belt of soil moisture, and water cannot be pumped by wells
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zone of aeration
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variations in the water table are
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depth is highly variable (varies seasonable and from year to year), shape is usually a subdued replica of the surface topography, factors that contribute to the irregular surface of the water table.
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What are the contribute to the irregular surface of the water table
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water tends to "pile up" beneath high area, variations in rainfall, and variations in permeability from place to place
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3 types of interactions between groundwater and streams
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gaining streams, losing streams, and interactions
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gain water from the inflow of groundwater through the streamland (stream loses water to groundwater)is called.
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gaining stream
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lose water to the groundwater system by outflow through the streambed (lake water from water table
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losing stream
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combination of a stream gaining in some sections and losing in other areas
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interactions
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percentage of total volume of rock or sediment that consisnts of pore spaces
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porosity
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porosity applies to
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how much groundwater can be stored and vairiations can be considerable over short distances
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what type of porosity and permeability does clay have
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high porosity and low permeablity
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the ability of a material to transmit fluid
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permeability
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an impermeable layer that hinders or prevents water movement (such as clay)
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aquitard
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permeable rock strata or sediment that transmits groundwater freely (such as sands and gravels)
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aquifer
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pertaining to the movement of groundwater when the typical rate of movement is a few centimenters per day
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exceedingly slow
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how is energy for the movement provided
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force of gravity
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the law that says if permeability remains uniform, the velocity of groundwater will increase as the slope of the water table increases
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darcy's law
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according to darcy's law the water table slope, determined by dividing the vertical difference between the recharge and discharge points by the length of flow between these points
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hydraulic gradient
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the vertical differece between recharge and discharge points
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hydraulic head
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what does darcy's law basically explain
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how fast ground water will move
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how is the movement of groundwater is measured directly using
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various dyes and carbon-14 (radioisotope)
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Where do springs occur
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where the water table intersects the Earth's surface
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the natural outflow of groundwater is called
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a spring
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when a spring is formed by an aquitard creating a localized zone of saturation it is called
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a perched water table
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How much warmer must water be than the mean annual air temperature of the locality to be considered a hot spring
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6-9 C warmer
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How is the water for most hot springs heated?
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the cooling of igneous rock
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the closest hot springs to Monroe is
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Hot Springs AR
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What are the characteristics of a geyser
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intermittent hot springs, water erupts with great force, occur where extensive underground chambers exist within hot igneous rocks, and groundwater heats, expands, changes and erupts, and chemical sedimentary rock accumulates at the surface.
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How can one ensure a well will have a continous supply of water
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by penetrating below the water table.
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what can pumping of wells cause
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drawdown (lowering) of the water table, and cone of depression to the water table
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What is the water source for Monroe
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Bayou Desiard
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What is the water source for W. Monroe
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Sparta sand (aquafer)
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What is a situation in which groundwater under pressure rises above the level of the aquifer
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artesian well
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What are the two types fo atresian wells
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flowing and nonflowing
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When pressure is below ground what type of artesian well
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non flowing
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when pressure surface is above the ground what type of artesian well
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flowing
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What are the 2 types of artesian systems
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wells and springs
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What are the 3 major problems associated with groundwater withdrawal
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groundwater should always be treated as a nonrenewable source, subsidence, and saltwater contaminations
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in many places the water available to recharge the aquifer falls short of the amount being withdrawn
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we must treat the groundwater as a non renewable source
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ground sinks when water is pumped from wells faster than natural recharge processes can replace it
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subsidence
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excessive groundwater withdrawel causes saltwater to be drawn into wells, thus contaminating th efreshwater wupply and primiarily is a problem in coastal areas
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saltwater contamination.
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Ground water is midly acidic and can dissolve what
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rock
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carbonic acid reacts with calcite in limestone to form what
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calcium bicarbonate, a soluble material
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what is created by acidic groundwater dissolving soluble rock at or just below the surface in the zone of saturation
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caverns
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where do caverns always form
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zone of aeration
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what are caverns composed of
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dripstone (travertine). calcite deposited as dripping water evaporates
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What is another name for caverns
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spelothems
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What feature of a cave hangs from the ceiling
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stalactites
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what feature of a cave form on the floor of a cavern
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stalagmites
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what feature of a cavern are hollow
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soda straws
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what are landscapes that have been shaped mainly byt he dissolving power of groundwater
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karst topograpy
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featers of karst topograpy
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irregular terrain, sinkhole or sinks, stricking lack of surface draining (streams)
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