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88 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Chemical Elements
The most fundamental substances into which matter can be subdivided by chemical means
Ion
An atom that is electrically charged
Electron donor
The atom with few electrons in its outer shell
Electron recipient
The atom at or near capacity in its outer shell
The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust
Oxygen and Silicon
Mineral
A naturally formed, solid, chemical substance that has a specific composition and crystal structure.
Crystallography
the study of crystal structures
Halite
Common table salt; consists of sodium and chlorine; NaCl
Silicate Minerals
A group within the chemical classification of minerals. Are igneous in origin, crystallize from molten rock.
Plagioclase Feldspar
White to dark gray; 2 cleavage directions
Orthoclase Feldspar
White to pink; 2 cleavage directions
Calcite
Clear, white, gray, yellow; glassy; hexagonal crystals; 3 cleavage directions produce rhombic fragments
Dolomite
White, gray, pink; glassy; rhombic crystals; 3 cleavage directions produce rhombic fragments
Chlorite
Green to very dark green; irregular cleavage produces layered fabric
Galena
Silver gray; heft and appearance of lead; cubic crystals; 3 cleavage directions
Horneblende
aka amphibole; dark green to black or brown; 2 cleavage directions
Augite
aka pyroxene; dark green to black; luster approaches a sheen; 2 cleavage directions
Gypsum
Clear to yellow; glassy transparent plates or satin- white rods; 1 very good and 2 good cleavage directions; easily scratched with fingernail
Biotite
Brown to black; 1 perfect (flaky) cleavage direction; translucent in thin sheets
Muscovite
Colorless to white; 1 perfect (flaky) cleavage direction; transparent in thin sheets
Halite
Clear to dark gray; glassy; cubic crystals; 3 cleavage directions; salty taste
Flourite
Honey-colored, violet-blue, yellow, green; glassy; possibly translucent; cubic crystals; 4 cleavage directions
Quartz
Clear, milky white, purple, rose, smoky; hexagonal crystal faces common; conchoidal fracture
Hematite
Red, brown, yellow; rusty earthy appearance
Malachite/Azurite
Bright colors (green and blue); crystal faces rare; glassy to earthy
Talc
Silvery to greenish white; pearly luster; soapy to the touch; flakes easily
Kaolinite
White, yellow, pink; chalky; sticky when wet
Olivine
Yellowish green; crystals with slightly conchoidal fracture; common granular appearance
Limonite
Brownish yellow, orcher-yellow; earthy appearance
Bauxite
White, tan, red, brown, black; pebbly appearance; earthy texture
Chalcopyrite
Brass yellow with irdescent tarnish; can exhibit tiny pyramid pyramid-shaped crystals, but scaly appearance is more common
Pyrite
pale brass yellow; cubic crystals; conchoidal to uneven fracture
Garnet
dark red to black; commonly 12 sided crystals; conchoidal fracture
Magnetite
Iron-black; magnetic; rare crystal faces; indistinct cleavage; metallic luster
Graphite
Dark gray like pencil lead; cleavage of tiny crystals indicated by luster; greasy to the touch; stains textured objects
Granite
Intrusive/phaneritic, Felsic, Light
Diorite
Intrusive/phaneritic, Intermediate, Medium
Gabbro
Intrusive/phaneritic, Mafic, Dark
Rhyolite
Extrusive/aphanetic, Felsic, Light
Andesite
Extrusive/aphanitic, Intermediate, Medium
Basalt
Extrusive/aphanitic, Mafic, Dark
Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
Rock salt, oolite limestone, chert
Organic Sedimentary
Fossiliferous limestone, chalk, bituminous coal, chert
Detrital
Conglomerate, breccia, arkose sandstone, quartz sandstone, siltstone, shale
Sedimentary rock that is the only one where color is useful
Bituminous coal
All limestones will react with
Acid
Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
Unfoliated Metamorphic Rocks
Quartzite, marble, anthracite coal
Foliated is
pressure dominant, regional metamorphism
Unfoliated is
Temperature dominant, contact metamorphism
Marble fizzes with acid
Quartzite will scratch the streak plate
Minerals without cleavage
Talc, kaolinite, graphite, limonite, hematite, magnetite, malachite+azurite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, quartz, garnet, olivine
Minerals with cleavage
Gypsum, chlorite, halite, muscovite, biotite, calcite, dolomite, fluorite, pyroxene, amphibole, orthoclase feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, galena
Stackable texture
Porphyritic, vesicular
Separate Textures
Glassy (obsidian), pyroclastic (pumice, scoria)
Rhyolite
Igneous, pink to gray with little specks
Andesite
Igneous, light to charcoal gray with little specks
Gabbro
Igneous, dark gray feldspars, black minerals
Peridotite
Igneous, very dark gray feldspars, dark greenish black minerals, noticeably heavy
Diorite
Igneous, Light gray and dark gray feldspars, black minerals
Obsidian
Igneous, red to black, dense glass, conchoidal fracture, sharp edges... looks like dark red/black glass
Pumice
Igneous, white to light gray, frothy glass, microscopic pores, light weight
Scoria
Igneous, red to black, pea- size and larger holes in fine textured crystalline rock
Tuff
Resembles fine textured concrete, fragments small size
Volcanic Breccia
Resembles coarse textured concrete, fragments decent size
Granite
Red/ light gray, glassy transparent quartz, black minerals
Conglomerate
Varicolored, like concrete with round pebbles
Limestone Breccia
Varicolored, like concrete with angular fragments
Graywacke Sandstone---
Gray to dark gray or greenish, salt-and-pepper appearance, commonly with considerable clay
Arkose Sandstone
Gray to red, abundant feldspar grains, some clay
Quartz Sandstone
White to gray to red or yellow, mostly quartz grains, little clay
Siltstone
Varicolored, microscopic grains like fine sandpaper
Claystone--
Varicolored, slick when wet
Mudstone---
Varicolored, gritty between the teeth
Shale
Varicolored, parallel flat clay grains cause the rock to be fissile (breaking into sheets)
Fossiliferous Limestone
Gray to brown, shells cemented with clear calcite, or floating in cemented lime mud
Chalk
White to gray to brown, soft, microscopic fossils perhaps visible
bituminous coal
Brown to black, "hard coal", sooty to shiny, common sports of yellow to orange sulfur
Chert
White to gray, very hard, conchoidal fracture with sharp edges, some are translucent, some have "ghost" fossils
Rock Salt
Clear, white, gray, cubic crystals and cubic cleavage, scratched with nail, salty taste
Oolite Limestone
White, gray, beige, millimeter-size spherules
Slate
Black, gray, green, maroon; hard; rock cleaves to produce flat surfaces, sedimented layers form angles with cleavage
Phyllite
Various tints of gray, fine textured parallel micas impart a sheen
Schist
Silver to black sparkle, parallel micas are crinkled
Gneiss
Colors and texture of granite, light and dark minerals are segregated into layers
Quartzite
Varicolored, suggestive of sandstone but less gritty
Marble
White, gray, pink, fine to coarse textured, cleavage of crystals imparts sparkle to fracture surfaces
Anthracite coal
Black to brown, high gloss, conchoidal fracture