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88 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Chemical Elements
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The most fundamental substances into which matter can be subdivided by chemical means
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Ion
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An atom that is electrically charged
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Electron donor
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The atom with few electrons in its outer shell
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Electron recipient
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The atom at or near capacity in its outer shell
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The two most abundant elements in Earth's crust
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Oxygen and Silicon
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Mineral
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A naturally formed, solid, chemical substance that has a specific composition and crystal structure.
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Crystallography
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the study of crystal structures
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Halite
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Common table salt; consists of sodium and chlorine; NaCl
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Silicate Minerals
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A group within the chemical classification of minerals. Are igneous in origin, crystallize from molten rock.
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Plagioclase Feldspar
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White to dark gray; 2 cleavage directions
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Orthoclase Feldspar
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White to pink; 2 cleavage directions
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Calcite
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Clear, white, gray, yellow; glassy; hexagonal crystals; 3 cleavage directions produce rhombic fragments
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Dolomite
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White, gray, pink; glassy; rhombic crystals; 3 cleavage directions produce rhombic fragments
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Chlorite
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Green to very dark green; irregular cleavage produces layered fabric
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Galena
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Silver gray; heft and appearance of lead; cubic crystals; 3 cleavage directions
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Horneblende
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aka amphibole; dark green to black or brown; 2 cleavage directions
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Augite
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aka pyroxene; dark green to black; luster approaches a sheen; 2 cleavage directions
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Gypsum
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Clear to yellow; glassy transparent plates or satin- white rods; 1 very good and 2 good cleavage directions; easily scratched with fingernail
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Biotite
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Brown to black; 1 perfect (flaky) cleavage direction; translucent in thin sheets
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Muscovite
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Colorless to white; 1 perfect (flaky) cleavage direction; transparent in thin sheets
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Halite
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Clear to dark gray; glassy; cubic crystals; 3 cleavage directions; salty taste
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Flourite
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Honey-colored, violet-blue, yellow, green; glassy; possibly translucent; cubic crystals; 4 cleavage directions
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Quartz
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Clear, milky white, purple, rose, smoky; hexagonal crystal faces common; conchoidal fracture
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Hematite
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Red, brown, yellow; rusty earthy appearance
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Malachite/Azurite
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Bright colors (green and blue); crystal faces rare; glassy to earthy
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Talc
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Silvery to greenish white; pearly luster; soapy to the touch; flakes easily
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Kaolinite
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White, yellow, pink; chalky; sticky when wet
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Olivine
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Yellowish green; crystals with slightly conchoidal fracture; common granular appearance
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Limonite
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Brownish yellow, orcher-yellow; earthy appearance
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Bauxite
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White, tan, red, brown, black; pebbly appearance; earthy texture
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Chalcopyrite
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Brass yellow with irdescent tarnish; can exhibit tiny pyramid pyramid-shaped crystals, but scaly appearance is more common
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Pyrite
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pale brass yellow; cubic crystals; conchoidal to uneven fracture
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Garnet
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dark red to black; commonly 12 sided crystals; conchoidal fracture
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Magnetite
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Iron-black; magnetic; rare crystal faces; indistinct cleavage; metallic luster
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Graphite
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Dark gray like pencil lead; cleavage of tiny crystals indicated by luster; greasy to the touch; stains textured objects
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Granite
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Intrusive/phaneritic, Felsic, Light
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Diorite
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Intrusive/phaneritic, Intermediate, Medium
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Gabbro
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Intrusive/phaneritic, Mafic, Dark
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Rhyolite
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Extrusive/aphanetic, Felsic, Light
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Andesite
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Extrusive/aphanitic, Intermediate, Medium
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Basalt
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Extrusive/aphanitic, Mafic, Dark
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Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
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Rock salt, oolite limestone, chert
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Organic Sedimentary
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Fossiliferous limestone, chalk, bituminous coal, chert
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Detrital
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Conglomerate, breccia, arkose sandstone, quartz sandstone, siltstone, shale
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Sedimentary rock that is the only one where color is useful
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Bituminous coal
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All limestones will react with
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Acid
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Foliated Metamorphic Rocks
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Slate, phyllite, schist, gneiss
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Unfoliated Metamorphic Rocks
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Quartzite, marble, anthracite coal
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Foliated is
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pressure dominant, regional metamorphism
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Unfoliated is
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Temperature dominant, contact metamorphism
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Marble fizzes with acid
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Quartzite will scratch the streak plate
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Minerals without cleavage
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Talc, kaolinite, graphite, limonite, hematite, magnetite, malachite+azurite, pyrite, chalcopyrite, quartz, garnet, olivine
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Minerals with cleavage
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Gypsum, chlorite, halite, muscovite, biotite, calcite, dolomite, fluorite, pyroxene, amphibole, orthoclase feldspar, plagioclase feldspar, galena
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Stackable texture
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Porphyritic, vesicular
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Separate Textures
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Glassy (obsidian), pyroclastic (pumice, scoria)
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Rhyolite
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Igneous, pink to gray with little specks
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Andesite
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Igneous, light to charcoal gray with little specks
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Gabbro
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Igneous, dark gray feldspars, black minerals
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Peridotite
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Igneous, very dark gray feldspars, dark greenish black minerals, noticeably heavy
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Diorite
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Igneous, Light gray and dark gray feldspars, black minerals
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Obsidian
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Igneous, red to black, dense glass, conchoidal fracture, sharp edges... looks like dark red/black glass
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Pumice
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Igneous, white to light gray, frothy glass, microscopic pores, light weight
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Scoria
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Igneous, red to black, pea- size and larger holes in fine textured crystalline rock
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Tuff
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Resembles fine textured concrete, fragments small size
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Volcanic Breccia
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Resembles coarse textured concrete, fragments decent size
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Granite
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Red/ light gray, glassy transparent quartz, black minerals
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Conglomerate
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Varicolored, like concrete with round pebbles
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Limestone Breccia
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Varicolored, like concrete with angular fragments
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Graywacke Sandstone---
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Gray to dark gray or greenish, salt-and-pepper appearance, commonly with considerable clay
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Arkose Sandstone
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Gray to red, abundant feldspar grains, some clay
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Quartz Sandstone
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White to gray to red or yellow, mostly quartz grains, little clay
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Siltstone
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Varicolored, microscopic grains like fine sandpaper
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Claystone--
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Varicolored, slick when wet
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Mudstone---
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Varicolored, gritty between the teeth
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Shale
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Varicolored, parallel flat clay grains cause the rock to be fissile (breaking into sheets)
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Fossiliferous Limestone
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Gray to brown, shells cemented with clear calcite, or floating in cemented lime mud
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Chalk
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White to gray to brown, soft, microscopic fossils perhaps visible
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bituminous coal
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Brown to black, "hard coal", sooty to shiny, common sports of yellow to orange sulfur
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Chert
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White to gray, very hard, conchoidal fracture with sharp edges, some are translucent, some have "ghost" fossils
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Rock Salt
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Clear, white, gray, cubic crystals and cubic cleavage, scratched with nail, salty taste
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Oolite Limestone
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White, gray, beige, millimeter-size spherules
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Slate
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Black, gray, green, maroon; hard; rock cleaves to produce flat surfaces, sedimented layers form angles with cleavage
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Phyllite
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Various tints of gray, fine textured parallel micas impart a sheen
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Schist
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Silver to black sparkle, parallel micas are crinkled
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Gneiss
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Colors and texture of granite, light and dark minerals are segregated into layers
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Quartzite
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Varicolored, suggestive of sandstone but less gritty
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Marble
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White, gray, pink, fine to coarse textured, cleavage of crystals imparts sparkle to fracture surfaces
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Anthracite coal
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Black to brown, high gloss, conchoidal fracture
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