Geology Final

Front 1

catastrophism

Back 1

The concept that Earth was shaped by catastrophic events of a short-term nature.

Front 2

uniformitarism

Back 2

the idea that the physical, chemical, and biological laws operating today also operated in the geologic past

Front 3

what are the layers defined by physical properties?

Back 3

Lithosphere, Asthenosphere, Mesophere, and Inner and Outer core

Front 4

what are the continental margins of the ocean basins?

Back 4

continental shelf, slope, and rise.

Front 5

what are the 3 types of deep ocean basins?

Back 5

abyssal plains, oceanic trenches, and seamounts

Front 6

what is the most prominent topographic feature of earth, that is composed of igneous rock that has been fractured and uplifted

Back 6

oceanic ridge system

Front 7

what type of rock forms by changing preexisting rocks. the driving force is heat and pressure. Examples include marble and gneiss

Back 7

metamorphic rocks

Front 8

The upper mantle can be divided into the asthenosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere, and lithosphere based on what physical properties

Back 8

Asthenosphere- solid but mobile

Hydrosphere- liquid

Atmosphere- gas

Lithosphere- solid and rigid

Front 9

A large cloud of space gas and dust condensed and contracted to form a rotating disk with a star formed at the center. Repeated collisions caused bodies to coalesce, leading to the current configuration of our solar system. What is this known as

Back 9

the nebular system

Front 10

The enormous cloud of gas and dust initially condensed due to particle attraction. What force then pulled the cloud into a flat disk shape

Back 10

the inward inward force of gravity

Front 11

inference

Back 11

an attempt at explaining an occurence based on previous knowledge

Front 12

Continental Shelf

Back 12

gently sloping submerged portion of the continental margin, extending from the shoreline to the continental slope (the area of seabed around a large landmass where the sea is relatively shallow compared with the open ocean)

Front 13

What is convection

Back 13

a cycle of moving material formed by the rise of less-dense material and the sinking of denser material

Front 14

Why are volcanic chains associated with convergent boundaries

Back 14

Partial melting occurs due to subduction (Partial melting is triggered by water loss in the plate. This melts mantle material, which rises to the surface.)

Front 15

What surface feature provides evidence for the location of hot spots

Back 15

volcanoes within tectonic plates

Front 16

How were scientists able to determine the date of the magnetic reversals during seafloor spreading

Back 16

Small marine fossils in deep-sea sediments give the age of the portions of the seafloor

Front 17

How is information about magnetic fields recorded in rocks

Back 17

Iron particles in magnetically susceptible minerals within basaltic lava align with the magnetic field of the Earth while the lava is still liquid and then freeze in position when the lava solidifies

Front 18

In general, what is our best evidence that the orientation of Earth's magnetic field has changed over time

Back 18

A record of Earth's magnetic field is recorded in oceanic rocks, which show a clear pattern of changes in Earth's magnetic polarity

Front 19

Minerals

Back 19

naturally occurring inorganic solids that possess an orderly internal structure and a well-defined chemical composition

Front 20

silicon oxygen tetrahedron

Back 20

is the SiO4 anionic group, or a silicon atom with four surrounding oxygen atoms arranged to define the corners of a tetrahedron. This is a fundamental component of most silicates in the Earth's crust. (makes up a triangle shape)

Front 21

ion

Back 21

an atom or molecule with a net electric charge due to the loss or gain of one or more electrons.

Front 22

ferromagnesian silicates

Back 22

silicates with iron and/or magnesium in their structure. Most ferromagnesium minerals are dark-colored and more dense

Front 23

nonferromagnesian silicates

Back 23

silicates with less or no iron and/or magnesium in their structure. Most nonferromagnesium minerals are light-colored and less dense

Front 24

The silicon-oxygen tetrahedron contains

Back 24

one silicon atom and four oxygen atoms

Front 25

The ratio of silicon to oxygen atoms in silicate minerals depends on

Back 25

how the atoms in silicon-oxygen tetrahedra are shared in the mineral

Front 26

phaneritic

Back 26

coarse crystals (intrusive)

Front 27

aphanitic

Back 27

fine crystals (extrusive)

Front 28

name the four igneous rocks mineral compositions

Back 28

granitic (felsic), basalt (mafic), andesitic (intermediate), and ultramafic compositions

Front 29

sill

Back 29

a very thin and shallow intrusive body where fine grained rocks may form

Front 30

How do you find the number of neutrons in an element

Back 30

The mass number, which is the atomic weight of an element rounded up, is equal to the number of protons plus the number of neutrons in an atom. So you would subtract the number of neutrons from the atomic weight of an element

Front 31

The property of cleavage reflects

Back 31

mechanical breakage along planes of weakness within the mineral

Front 32

What causes a lack of cleavage or no cleavage in some minerals

Back 32

Bonds of equal strength in all directions

Front 33

mineral habit

Back 33

The shape a mineral grows into, given sufficient space

Front 34

Name the softest mineral on the Moh’s scale.

Back 34

talc

Front 35

an atom is electrically what

Back 35

neutral (no electric charge)

Front 36

pyroclastic debris

Back 36

volcanic rock ejected during an eruption. Pyroclastics includes ash, bombs, cinders and blocks

Front 37

another word for intrusive igneous rocks

Back 37

plutonic igneous rocks

Front 38

extreme rapid cooling of lava can generate what texture

Back 38

A glassy texture (results when the ions are unordered, that is, have not formed an orderly crystalline structure)

Front 39

porphyritic texture

Back 39

An igneous rock texture characterized by two different crystal sizes. The larger crystals are called phenocrysts, the smaller crystals are called the groundmass

Front 40

phenocrysts

Back 40

A relatively large crystal embedded in a matrix of finer grained crystals

Front 41

laccolith

Back 41

medium sized intrusive body where coarse-grained rocks may form

Front 42

name the six igneous rock textures

Back 42

fine grained (aphanitic), course-grained (phaneritic), porphyritic, vesicular, pyroclastic, and glassy textures

Front 43

aphanitic

Back 43

fine crystals (extrusive)

Front 44

phaneritic

Back 44

coarse crystals (intrusive)

Front 45

Pegmatitic textures

Back 45

igneous rock with anomalously large crystals formed from the cooling of a wet magma

Front 46

all rocks are classified according to

Back 46

texture and composition

Front 47

name the 3 types of magma

Back 47

Basaltic, andesitic, and rhyolitic (felsic) magma

Front 48

rhyolitic magma flows slow or fast

Back 48

slow

Front 49

lahar

Back 49

a type of mudflow or debris flow composed of a slurry of pyroclastic material, rocky debris, and water. The material flows down from a volcano

Front 50

pahoehoe

Back 50

A lava flow with a smooth to ropy texture (forms from basaltic magma flows)

Front 51

What is the term used to describe increased temperature with depth in the Earth

Back 51

Geothermal gradient

Front 52

rift valley

Back 52

a canyonlike structure in the middle of the divergent boundaries

Front 53

name the four types of pyroclastic material

Back 53

Ash, blocks, bombs, and lapilli

Front 54

what type of lava would you expect to find the greatest production of pyroclastic material

Back 54

rhyolitic lava (As the silica content of lava increases, the amount of pyroclastic material produced in the eruption also increases)

Front 55

caldera

Back 55

a large volcanic crater, typically one formed by a major eruption leading to the collapse of the mouth of the volcano.

Front 56

seamounts

Back 56

underwater mountains that rise hundreds or thousands of feet from the seafloor. They are generally extinct volcanoes that, while active, created piles of lava that sometimes break the ocean surface

Front 57

fracture zones

Back 57

inactive extensions of transform faults (record of past directions of plate motion)

Front 58

what is tenacity and name three types

Back 58

the minerals toughness or its resistance to breaking or deforming.brittle, malleable, and elastic tenacity

Front 59

list 3 magma components

Back 59

liquid, solid, and a gaseous components

Front 60

what 3 factors influence the textures of igneous rocks

Back 60

the rate at which molten rock cools, the amount of silica present, and the amount of dissolved gases in the magma

Front 61

assimilation

Back 61

when the magma from the magma chamber melts the surrounding mantle rock and mixes within the magma chamber