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78 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The largest feature on the Earth's surface is
the oceans which cover greater than 70% of the surface
The concept that gologic processes operating now are the same processes that have operated in the geologic past is known as
Uniformitarianism
Which of the following are reasons to be concerned with geology?
All of the above
The two most abundant (common) elements of the Earth's crust are ___ and are the basic building components of the mineral class ___.
None of the above
Mohs' Hardness Scale has uses what mineral to designate a hardness of 1?
Talc
The property of a minerals to split along smooth, predictable planes related to their internal structure is:
Cleavage
A solid cohesive aggregate of grains of one or more minerals is called a:
Rock
The sharing of electrons by adjacent atoms, the strongest type of chemical bonds, is a type of bonding called:
Covalent
If an atom has more electrons that protons it has a ___ charge and is known as a ___.
Negative, anion
We know that a rock found on the surface of the Earth with a coarse texture was/is
A, C, and E
Formed deep within the Earth
Cooled relatively slowly
Of plutonic origin
Igneous rocks are most often classified by their ___ and mineral composition
Texture
A rock with a aphanitic texture has what type of grains and what type of cooling history?
Fine grains, fast cooling
A rock with a porphyritic texture has what size grains and what type of cooling history?
Fine and coarse grains, 2 stage cooling
Extrusive igneous rock:
Are generally fine grained
Rock assimilation is a theory used to explain the differences observed in:
Diversity of igneous rocks
Which of the following statements about the physical effects of pressure, temperature, and density on rocks is/are correct?
All of the above
Which of the following are not steps in the scientific method?
All are steps in the scientific method
Minerals are grouped into classes based on their physical characteristics.
False
Electrons are found in the nucleus of an atom and travel in a spherical orbit.
False
Molten rock beneath the Earth's surface is called magma.
True
Glassy is an igneous texture used to describe rock that had a long cooling history.
False
The inner core of the Earth, based on the physical compositional approach, is a liquid iron-nickel alloy and is responsible for the Earth's magnetic field.
True
Temperature, pressure, and water content are the physical environmental factors which are used to define the Earth's interior based on the Physical classification Approach.
False
Which of the following is a disconcordant and massive/irregular plutonic rock formation?
Batholith
Sedimentary rocks composed of material that is dissolved in water and subsequently precipitates out are called ___ sedimentary rocks.
Chemical
Magma with high silica content will tend to:
A & C
More viscous
Produce felsic rocks
Which of the following changes may occur during metamorphism?
All of the above
If shale is subjected to the highest grade of metamorphism it becomes?
Gneiss
Which of the following is not true about mechanical (physical) weathering?
Does not affect metamorphic rocks
Which of the following factors is/are important in why weathering occurs?
Change in temperature from the rocks original environment
A lava flow exhibits a ropy and wrinkled appearance it is called
Pahoehoe
Which type of metamorphism produces the majority of metamorphic rocks?
Regional
A specific assemblages of silicate minerals that form only during metamorphism and can be used as indicators of the degree of metamorphism are known as:
Index minerals
Rocks often shatter when they freeze because:
Water expands when it freezes
Which of the following is an example of mechanical (physical) breakdown of rocks that results from the fact that different minerals expand and contract at different rates as they are heated and cooled?
Thermal expansion
The quality of magma that is most important in determining whether or not it will have a high viscosity is:
Silica content
Sediments that ahve traveled farther and weathered longer will tend to be:
All of the above
The most important influence of soil composition is:
Climate
The principle agents of metamorphism include:
Temperature, pressure, and fluids
Extrusive igneous rocks:
Are generally fine grained
Lava tubes, common with shield volcanoes, aid in the volcano shape having:
Gradual sloping sides (broad low profile)
One hazard associated with volcanic eruptions is fast moving mixture of ash and water which flows down the hillside and is known as a:
Lahar
Which type of metamorphism produces metamorphic rock from a process where heat is transferred from an igneous intrusion into surrounding rocks?
Contact
Lithification, in the formation of sedimentary rocks, involves both cementation and compaction.
True
Sedimentary rocks make up a small part of the volume of the earth's crust.
False
Limestones are the most abundant chemical sedimentary rock.
True
Particle size is the primary basis for distinguishing among the various chemical sedimentary rocks.
False
Weathering of rocks occurs deep within the Earth
False
Lava from a volcano posses a small threat to the potential for loss of human life
True
Batholiths account for only a small fraction of the total of all plutonic rock formations.
False
According to late-tectonic theory, plates of rigid ___ float on top of a weak fluid-like layer.
Lithosphere
Of the seismic waves produced by an earthquake, which type travels the fastest?
P-waves
Of the seismic waves produced by an earthquake, which type cannot pass through the liquid outer core?
Secondary (S)-waves
At a convergent plate boundary,
High mountains may be build during continent-continent collision.
A possible "driving force" for plate motions is
Convection in the Earth's interior
Which of the following statements about stress and strain is/are incorrect?
Within a plastic strain, a material retains the ability to return to its original state
The study of Earth's past magnetism recorded in the minerals of igneous rocks may reveal:
A & B
Latitude at which the rock formed
Magnetic reversals in past times
Which of the following is not a way in which radioactive isotopes decay?
Neutron capture
The location on the Earth's surface directly over the point of origin of an earthquake is referred to as its:
Epicenter
Deep-focus earthquakes more commonly occur ___
In subduction zones (trench systems)
Earthquake intensity ___
Is a subjective measure based partly on personal observations
Which of the following is not correct regarding the absolute dating of geological samples?
Rock has to be "open system" to allow isotopes to enter and leave
___ are the remains or traces of prehistoric life.
Fossils
A buried erosional surface where erosion likely occurred is called:
An unconformity
Which of the following means of measuring an earthquake provides the best estimate of the enerty?
Moment of Magnitude Scale
Which type of strain is defined by the material retaining the ability to return to its original shape once the stress is removed?
Elastic
Most earthquakes occur ___
On rim of Pacific Ocean ("Ring of Fire")
The type of plate boundary where plates move together, causing one of the slabs of lithosphere to be consumed into the mantle as it descends beneath an overriding plate is called a ___
None of the above
Circulation within the ___ of the rotating planet generates Earth's magnetic field.
Core
Which of the following statements about the physical effects of pressure, temperature, and density on rocks is/are correct?
All of the above
Most deep-ocean trenches are located int he Pacific
True
The oldest oceanic crust is located at (nearest to) the mid ocean ridges
False
Lithospheric material (crust) is created at transform boundaries
False
Relative dating techniques provide a numerical age for a material
False
An index fossil has the characteristics of being widely distributed, abundant during its existence and only existing for a short period of time
True
The greater the distance a seismograph is from an earthquake, the greater the difference in arrival times of the P and S waves recorded on a seismogram
True
The monitoring of foreshocks is the only method available geologists have to predict earthquakes.
False
The knowledge about the interior of the Earth has been best studied using secondary evidence.
True