Geology Exam 2

Front 1

Te term used for the central, topographically subdued region of a continent is...

Back 1

craton

Front 2

Which of the following is not a primary sedimentary structure?
mud cracks
folds
cross bedding
ripple marks

Back 2

folds

Front 3

The three major ypes of environments of deposition are...

Back 3

transitional, marine, nonmarine

Front 4

The characteristic appearance or aspect of a rock from which its environments of deposition can be determined is...

Back 4

facies

Front 5

TRansitional sandstone in which feldspars are relatively scarce and quartz muscovite and chert are abundant; the quartz grains that are more rounded and abundant are called...

Back 5

subgraywakes

Front 6

What are immature sandstone consisting of significant quantities of dark, very fine-grained materials with a fine matrix that consists of clay, chorite, micas and silt?

Back 6

graywakes

Front 7

A type of sandstone that may develop as a basal sandstone derived from the erosion of
granitic coastal area experiencing an advance of the sea or in adjacent areas adjacent to
granite mountains is...

Back 7

arkoses

Front 8

A ferric mineral that tends to color rock red, brown, or purple and are dubbed “red beds.”

Back 8

hematite

Front 9

Lithofacies maps are useful in determining changes mostly in which of the following areas?

Back 9

aerial variation in the overall lithologic character of a given stratigraphic unit

Front 10

A map prepared by geologists to illustrate changes in the thickness of a formation or time
rock unit is a

Back 10

Isopach map

Front 11

This method of correlation links rock units by age equivalences, determined by fossils or

Back 11

Chronostratigraphic Correlation

Front 12

Spherical grains of concentric laminated calcium carbonate which are formed in shallow,
saline marine conditions are called

Back 12

ooid

Front 13

This type of unconformity is characterized by stratified sedimentary rocks resting on older
igneous or metamorphic rocks

Back 13

nonconformity

Front 14

A map showing the geography of a region or area at some specific time in the geologic past
is

Back 14

a Paleogeographic map.

Front 15

Lithostratigraphic units are bodies of rock having distinctive features without regard to time
boundaries

Back 15

Rock units

Front 16

Four sedimentary structures are formed during or after deposition, but before lithification.
Which one of the following would not be included?

Back 16

scour marks

Front 17

A type of zone that is recognized by the overlapping ranges of two or more taxa, but only
the two specified taxa are used to define the boundaries of the zone is called

Back 17

concurrent range zone

Front 18

Fossils that are abundant, widely dispersed and derived from organisms that lived during a
relatively short span of geologic time are

Back 18

guide fossils

Front 19

The interval between the first and last appearance of a species constitutes the

Back 19

geologic range.

Front 20

What are the three causes of marine transgressions and regressions?

Back 20

-Uplift and subsidence of continents
-the amount of water frozen in glaciers
-rates of seafloor spreading

Front 21

What three features of fossils are necessary to make them good index fossils?

Back 21

-Abundant
-Widely distributed
- Lived in short geologic range

Front 22

What is Walther's principle?

Back 22

Imples that a viertical sequence of facies will be the product of a ries of depositional environments which lay adjacent to each other

Front 23

The fossilization process involving a molecular exchange of the original substance by
inorganic matter of differing composition is

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replacement

Front 24

An inheritable change in genetic material within cells is called

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mutation

Front 25

Gradual progressive change is referred to as

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phyletic gradualism.

Front 26

taxonomy list—from largest to smallest

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kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species

Front 27

Organs that were utilized in earlier ancestral forms but whose importance has diminished
with changes in environment and habits are called

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vestigial.

Front 28

The structures that are the result of variations and adaptations to particular environmental
conditions, but similarities indicate possible ancestry are called

Back 28

homologous structures.

Front 29

7. Evolution that consists of fitful sudden advances after long episodes of little evolutionary
progress is termed

Back 29

punctuated equilibrium

Front 30

The “supratidal zone” of the bottom (benthic) realm of the marine ecosystem is located

Back 30

in a narrow zone above high tide

Front 31

Darwin’s study of finches in the Galapagos determined that species of related ancestry
evolved differently because they adapted to different environments illustrates the concept of

Back 31

adaptive radiation

Front 32

The largest number of benthic (bottom dwelling) animals and plants live in the continuously
submerged zone known as

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sublittoral

Front 33

An animal or plant that is confined to a particular environmental area is said to be

Back 33

endemic

Front 34

Paleoecologists have two divisions of classification for oceanic environment. They are...

Back 34

pelagic realm and benthic realm

Front 35

The pelagic realm which consists of the water mass lying above the ocean floor can be
further divided into

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neritic zone and oceanic zone

Front 36

The realm of water mass lying immediately above the sea floor is known as the

Back 36

pelagic realm

Front 37

The benthic realm includes the following zones with the exception of this realm.

Back 37

neritic zone

Front 38

What are the three major uses of fossils?

Back 38

-correlating strata
-determining the characteristics of ancient climates and environments
-In reconstructing the geographic of ancient times

Front 39

What the approximate age of mammals?

Back 39

Cenazoic : 63 million years

Front 40

What is the basic biostratigraphic unit?

Back 40

Biozones