Geology Exam 1

Front 1

The study of the Earth

Back 1

Geology

Front 2

Studies the features that build and erode the Earth's surface.

Back 2

Physical Geology

Front 3

Principle that explains that the same physical and chemical forces working today, were also present in the past.

Back 3

Principle of Uniformitarianism

Front 4

A density boundary between the crust and mantle.

Back 4

Mohorovicic Discontinuity

Front 5

Crust is lighter and more buoyant than the denser mantle.

Back 5

Isostasy

Front 6

Lava Lamp

Back 6

Convection Cells

Front 7

Theory where 15 billion years ago a dense sphere of matter exploded, creating the universe.

Back 7

Big Bang Theory

Front 8

Gravity collapsed a whirling mass and dust.

Back 8

Nebular Hypothesis

Front 9

Man who proposed the Continental Drift Theory

Back 9

Alfred Wegener

Front 10

Considered one of the "founding fathers" of the unifying theory of plate tectonics. He is best known for his theories on sea floor spreading.

Back 10

Howard Hess

Front 11

A boundary in which two plates move apart, resulting in upwelling of material from the mantle to create new seafloor.

Back 11

Divergent Plate Boundary

Front 12

A boundary in which two plates move together, resulting in oceanic lithosphere being thrust beneath an overriding plate, eventually to be reabsorbed into the mantle. (two Continental plates collide to create a mountain system.)

Back 12

Convergent Plate Boundary

Front 13

A major strike-slip fault that cuts through the lithosphere and accommodates motion between two plates.

Back 13

Transform Fault

Front 14

A boundary in which two plates slide past one another without creating or destroying lithosphere.

Back 14

Transform Fault Boundary

Front 15

The process of thrusting oceanic lithosphere into the mantle along a convergent zone.

Back 15

Subduction

Front 16

The study of minerals

Back 16

Mineralogy

Front 17

Two minerals with the same composition but a different crystalline structure.

Back 17

Polymorph

Front 18

The smallest unit of an element

Back 18

Atom

Front 19

Positive charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Determines the name and atomic number.

Back 19

Proton

Front 20

Negative charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus of an atom. Determines how elements join to form compounds.

Back 20

Electron

Front 21

Adds mass to the element.

Back 21

Neutron

Front 22

Ions

Back 22

Protons don't equal electrons

Front 23

Combination of two or more atoms

Back 23

Compound

Front 24

The boundaries of crystals are flat planes called ____________________.

Back 24

Crystal Faces

Front 25

Combination of two or more minerals ( or form from living things )

Back 25

Rocks

Front 26

Molten rock (magma) that solidifies on (extrusive) or below (intrusive) the Earth's surface.

Back 26

Igneous Rocks

Front 27

Broken-up rock fragments cemented together by groundwater; also organic or chemically formed in a fluid at or near Earth's surface.

Back 27

Sedimentary Rocks

Front 28

Rocks changed by heat/pressure

Back 28

Metamorphic Rocks

Front 29

Based on Density, Emil Wiechert explained the Earth was composed of what two layers?

Back 29

Mantle and Core

Front 30

What proof did he have for his model of the Earth?

Back 30

Seismic Data

Front 31

Name the two types of crust?

Back 31

Continental Crust and Oceanic Crust

Front 32

Which is lighter out of Continental Crust and Oceanic Crust?

Back 32

Continental

Front 33

What elements make up each layer of the Earth?

Back 33

Continental Crust (solid)
Oceanic Crust (liquid)
Upper Mantle (solid)
Asthenosphere (tar like)
Lower Mantle (Solid)
Outer Core (liquid)
Inner Core (solid)

Front 34

Which layer of the Earth moves the plates?

Which layer causes the magnetic field?

Back 34

Asthenosphere

Outer Core

Front 35

Man has only drilled into what two layers of the Earth? (Direct Sampling)

Back 35

Continental crust and Oceanic crust

Front 36

Earth is an open system with energy being added from where?

External from the __________ and internal energy is generated from what two sources?

Back 36

External from the Sun and internal energy is generated from what two sources? Trapped Heat and Radioactivity in it's interior.

Front 37

Planetary composition is related to what?

Back 37

The distance from the Sun

Front 38

Why is the Earth so blue?

Back 38

The Earth is more than 70% water and water can exist in (solid, liquid, and gas)

Front 39

The Earth's internal forces do what?

External forces?

Back 39

Internal - Build and shape the curst

External - wear away the surface by weathering and erosion

Front 40

Give the proof for the Big Bang Theory.

Back 40

Microwaves and expanding universe (stars moving away from each other)

Front 41

Give the proof for the Nebular Hypothesis

Back 41

Solar Nebula found around stars

Front 42

What uses seismic waves to develop a 3-D model of the Earth's interior.

Back 42

Seismic Tomography

Front 43

Solid rock that is trapped in lava flow

Back 43

Xenolith

Front 44

List the 3 proofs for describing the layers of the earth

Back 44

Direct Sampling

Seismic Evidence

Seismic Tomography

Front 45

How deep has man drilled?

Back 45

Deepest Well = 8 Miles into the crust

Front 46

List some of Wegener's proof of Continental Drift.

Back 46

1. Fit of the Continents

2. Fossil Evidence

3. Structural Trends (Mountain Ranges)

4. Age of the Rocks

5. Glacial Deposits

Front 47

What was Wegener's biggest mistake?

Back 47

He didn't know about the athenosphere

Front 48

The Sea-Floor Spreading Theory states: Old Sea floor is lost at the ___________; New Sea floor is added at ___________.

Back 48

Lost at trenches; added at rifts

Front 49

Paleomagnetic proof for sea-floor spreading works because rock rich in what element will line up with the magnetic poles?

Back 49

Iron

Front 50

The oldest sea floor is found near the _______?

Youngest sea floor is at the _________?

Back 50

Oldest - Continents

Youngest - Rifts

Front 51

Hot mantle plumes are created when what layer releases energy? ____________. Give an example of a hot spot _________________.

Back 51

Outer core

Ex: Hawaiian Islands

Front 52

What is the only layer of the earth that can subduct?

Back 52

Oceanic Crust

Front 53

The plate Tectonic Theory combines what two theories?

Back 53

Continental Drift and Seafloor Spreading Theory

Front 54

How did Hawaii and Yellowstone (Wy.) form?

Back 54

Mantle Plumes

Front 55

What can initiate rifting of a continent?

Back 55

Mantle Plumes

Front 56

Give the 5 part definition for a mineral:

Back 56

1. Solid at room temp

2. Natural

3. Inorganic (generally)

4. Definite chemical composition (or range of chemicals)

5. Definite Arrangement of atoms - which creates a crystalline Structure

Front 57

The truest methods for identifying minerals are ___________________ and _____________?

Back 57

Chemical Composition and Crystalline Structure

Front 58

Cations have a __________ charge because they have (more) electrons than protons; Anions have a _____________ charge because they have (less) electrons than protons.

Back 58

Cations - Positive

Anions - Negative

Front 59

Minerals form by: __________________

Back 59

Crystallization

Front 60

When do minerals form? 4 ways

Back 60

1. Lowering temp below melting point

2. Liquids evaporate

3. High heat and pressures

4. Low Temperature

Front 61

Most minerals are chemically classified as ______________________.

Back 61

Silicate Minerals

Front 62

The basic building block for all silicates is the __________________ composed of ___ Si atoms and ____ oxygen atoms.

Back 62

Silicate Ion

1 Si atoms

4 Oxygen atoms

Front 63

Single Chain silicates share what element between tetrahedrons in one dimension?

Back 63

Oxygen

Front 64

Double Chain silicates have two parallel chains with every other tetrahedron sharing a __________ atom with the adjacent chain.

Back 64

Oxygen

Front 65

Sheet silicates have each _____________ sharing 3 oxygen atoms.

Back 65

Tetrahedron

Front 66

Framework silicates share all ______ oxygen atoms by adjacent tetrahedrons.

Back 66

4

Front 67

The most common mineral on Earth?

Back 67

Quartz or Feldspar

Front 68

Name the chemical bond described below:

A. A weak residual force

B. Electrons are shared

C. Electrons are transferred
D. Electrons move very freely from atom to atom

Back 68

A. Van Der Waal's

B. Covalent Bonds

C. Ionics Bonds

D. Metallic Bonds

Front 69

How do igneous rocks form?

Back 69

Form as molten rock crystallizes

Front 70

How do sedimentary rocks form?

Back 70

Form by lithification

Front 71

How do metamorphic rocks form?

Back 71

Form by recrystallization in solid

Front 72

Tell what type of rock forms at these plate tectonic settings

Divergent ___________ at rift ___________along edges of continents

Convergent (O to C) __________
Convergent (C to C) ______ buried deep and ________ along edges of continent

Transform _____________

Back 72

Divergent: Sedimentary at rift, Sedimentary along edges of continents.

Convergent (O to C): Igneous

Convergent (C to C): Metamorphic buried deep and sedimentary along edges of continent

Transform: Metamorphic