Geology 1401 Final Exam Review

Front 1

Write the Geologic Time Scale.

Back 1

PRECAMBRIAN

PALEOZOIC

MESOZOIC

CENOZOIC

Front 2

PALEOZOIC

Back 2

"Come Over Some Day Maybe Play Poker"

Cambrian

Ordovician

Silurian

Devonian

Mississippian

Pennsylvanian

Permian

Front 3

MESOZOIC

Back 3

Triassic

Jurassic

Cretaceous

Front 4

CENOZOIC

Back 4

Tertiary

Quaternary

Front 5

Draw a cross-section of the earth.

Back 5

Core

Outer Core

Mantle

Crust

Atmosphere

Front 6

Core

Back 6

Solid Inner Core comprised of iron and nickle

Front 7

Outer Core

Back 7

Molten Iron

Front 8

Mantle

Back 8

Molten Rock

Transitional gradient of viscosity

Front 9

Crust

Back 9

Oceanic & Continental

Front 10

Atmosphere

Back 10

The envelope of gases surrounding the earth or another planet.

Front 11

Continental Crust

Back 11

Can be over 4 billion years old & is lighter then the oceanic crust.

Front 12

Oceanic Crust

Back 12

Can be up to 2 billion years old, recycles, and is heavier then the continental crust.

Front 13

Explain the "ROCK CYCLE"

Back 13

The Rock Cycle is a group of changes.

Igneous rock can change into sedimentary rock or into metamorphic rock.

Sedimentary rock can change into metamorphic rock or into igneous rock.

Metamorphic rock can change into igneous or sedimentary rock.

Igneous rock forms when magma cools and makes crystals.

Front 14

What are the agents of metamorphism?

Back 14

Pressure

Heat

Fluid Activity

Front 15

What are the three types of metamorphism?

Explain each in detail, describing the pressure and temperature environments of each.

Back 15

Contact

Regional

Dynamic

Front 16

Contact Metamorphism

Back 16

Metamorphuism in which the mineralogy and texture of a body of rock are changed by exposure to pressure and extreme temperature associated with a body of intruding magma.

Contact Metamorphism often results in the formation of valuable minerals, such as garnet and emery, through the interaction of the hot magma with adjacent rock.

Front 17

Regional Metamorphism

Back 17

A type of metamorphism in which the mineralogy and texture of rocks are changed over a wide area by deep burial and heating associated with the large-scale forces of plate tectonics.

In regional metamorphism, rocks that form closer to the margin of the tectonic plates, where the heat and pressure are greatest, often differ in their minerals and texture from those that form farther away.

Front 18

Dynamic Metamorphism

Back 18

Metamorphism produced by mechanical forces.

Front 19

Ifplate tectonics did not exist, could there be metamorphism?

Back 19

YES

Front 20

Which planetary bodies inour solar system contain metamorphic rocks?

Back 20

Any Solid Body.

Front 21

What is the elastic rebound theory?

Back 21

The elastic rebound theory is an explanation for how energy is spread during earthquakes. As rocks on opposite sides of a fault are subjected to force and shift, they accumulate energy and slowly deform until their internal strength is exceeded.

Front 22

What is a focus? What is an epicenter? What is a fault?

Back 22

Front 23

Where do most earthquakes occur?

Back 23

The borders of the Pacific plate 80% (A.K.A. The ring of fire). The Mediterranean bed 15%

Front 24

Draw a subduction zone.

Back 24

Front 25

Label the Benioff zones, including depth.

Back 25

The Benioff zone spans from near-surface to depths of up to 670 km

Front 26

What are the dangers associated with earthquakes?

Back 26

Societal Cohesion, tsunami, mud flows, fires, broken gas & water lines, building damage.

Front 27

How is the ocean explored?

Back 27

Submarines, sonar, sizemic reflection, satalights, direct sampling, piston core samples, and clam shell collector.

Front 28

Draw a profile of the seafloor.

Back 28

Front 29

What are the different types of reefs and how are they formed?

Back 29

The most common type of reef is the fringing reef. This type of reef grows seaward directly from the shore. They form borders along the shoreline and surrounding islands.When a fringing reef continues to grow upward from a volcanic island that has sunk entirely below sea level, an atoll is formed. Atolls are usually circular or oval in shape, with an open lagoon in the center.Barrier reefs are similar to fringing reefs in that they also border a shoreline; however, instead of growing directly out from the shore, they are separated from land by an expanse of water. This creates a lagoon of open, often deep water between the reef and the shore.

Front 30

What are the different kinds of stress? What are the resulting deformations?

Back 30

1. Tensional stress (or extensional stress), which stretches rock;

2. Compressional stress, which squeezes rock; and

3. Shear stress (a.k.a. transform stress), which result in slippage and translation.

Front 31

Monoclines

Back 31

Monoclines are the simplest types of folds. Monoclines occur when horizontal strata are bent upward so that the two limbs of the fold are still horizontal.

Front 32

Anticlines

Back 32

Anticlines are folds where the originally horizontal strata has been folded upward, and the two limbs of the fold dip away from the hinge of the fold.

Front 33

Synclines

Back 33

Synclines are folds where the originally horizontal strata have been folded downward, and the two limbs of the fold dip inward toward the hinge of the fold. Synclines and anticlines usually occur together such that the limb of a syncline is also the limb of an anticline.

Front 34

Plunging Anticline

Back 34

Plunging Anticlines and Synclines. A plunging anticline or a plunging syncline is one that has its axis tilted from the horizontal so that the fold dips into the earth. Plunging Anticline. Plunging Syncline. In map view, a plunging anticline makes a U-shaped or V-shaped pattern that points in the direction of plunge

Front 35

What are the different kinds of faults?

Back 35

Reverse Faults

Strike Slip Faults

Normal Fault

Front 36

Reverse Faults

Back 36

Reverse Faults - are faults that result from horizontal compressional stresses in brittle rocks, where the hanging-wall block has moved up relative the footwall block.

Front 37

Strike Slip Faults

Back 37

Strike Slip Faults - are faults where the relative motion on the fault has taken place along a horizontal direction. Such faults result from shear stresses acting in the crust. Strike slip faults can be of two varieties, depending on the sense of displacement. To an observer standing on one side of the fault and looking across the fault, if the block on the other side has moved to the left, we say that the fault is a left-lateral strike-slip fault. If the block on the other side has moved to the right, we say that the fault is a right-lateral strike-slip fault. The famous San Andreas Fault in California is an example of a right-lateral strike-slip fault. Displacements on the San Andreas fault are estimated at over 600 km.

Front 38

Normal Fault

Back 38

Front 39

Domes

Back 39

Domes resemble anticlines, but the beds dip uniformly in all directions away from the center of the structure. Domes are caused by compression and uplift.

Oldest Rock Outside

Front 40

Basins

Back 40

Basins resemble synclines, but the beds dip uniformly in all directions toward the center of the structure. Basins are caused by compression and downwarping.

Oldest Rock Middle

Front 41

What factors influence mass wasting?

Back 41

Mass wasting includes the processes that transport large quantities of the earth’s materials (rock, sediment, soil) down slope under the influence of gravity.

= Landslides as a general term

1. Nature of slope material

2. The steepness of the slope

3. Vegetation

4. Excess rainfall, snow melt, as well as earthquakes, and weathering.

Front 42

What techniques are used to limit mass wasting?

Back 42

Netting, anchor bolts, French drains, and terraces.

Front 43

Explain porosity. What kinds of rocks have high porosity? Which have low porosity?

Back 43

Porosity = Holes

Permeability = Connected Holes

The more spherical the grains are, the more space or porosity is left between them. Hence, a well-rounded sandstone will have more porosity than a poorly-routed one!

Front 44

What is karst topography?

Back 44

Karst topography is a landscape formed from the dissolution of soluble rocks such as limestone, dolomite, and gypsum. It is characterized by underground drainage systems with sinkholes and caves.

Front 45

What is a stalagtite? What is a stalagmite?

Back 45

When discussing mineral formations in caves, we often talk about stalactites and stalagmites. A stalactite is an icicle-shaped formation that hangs from the ceiling of a cave, and is produced by precipitation of minerals from water dripping through the cave ceiling.

Front 46

Explain how snowflakes are turned into glacial ice.

Back 46

Snow is converted into glacial ice as new layers of snow fall on top of the accumulations from previous years, adding pressure and causing the snowflakes to physically change into crystalline solids. This process can take over 100 years to complete.

Front 47

What is a recessional moraine?

Back 47

Recessional moraines are often observed as a series of transverse ridges running across a valley behind a terminal moraine. They form perpendicular to the lateral moraines that they reside between and are composed of unconsolidated debris deposited by the glacier.

Front 48

What is a terminal moraine?

Back 48

A moraine deposited at the point of furthest advance of a glacier or ice sheet.

Front 49

What is a drop stone?

Back 49

Dropstones are isolated fragments of rock found within finer-grained water-deposited sedimentary rocks. They range in size from small pebbles to boulders.

Front 50

Whatis rock flour?

Back 50

Finely powdered rock formed by glacial or other erosion.

Front 51

What is desert pavement?

Back 51

A surface layer of closely packed or cemented pebbles, rock fragments, etc., from which fine material has been removed by the wind in arid regions.

Front 52

What is deflation?

Back 52

Erosion by wind of loose material from flat areas of dry, uncemented sediments such as those occurring in deserts, dry lake beds, floodplains, and glacial outwash

Front 53

What is loess?

Back 53

A loosely compacted yellowish-gray deposit of windblown sediment of which extensive deposits occur, e.g., in eastern China and the American Midwest.

Front 54

What are the different kinds of dunes?

Back 54

Five basic types of dunes: crescentic, linear, star, dome, and parabolic. The most common dune form on Earth and on Mars is the crescentic. Crescent-shaped mounds generally are wider than long. The slipface is on the dune's concave side

Front 55

What is a playa?

Back 55

An area of flat, dried-up land, especially a desert basin from which water evaporates quickly.

Front 56

Whatis a mesa?

Back 56

An isolated flat-topped hill with steep sides, found in landscapes with horizontal strata.