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71 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Earth System |
Interaction between life, air, ocean, and land (Lithosphere, Atmosphere, Hydrosphere) |
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Scientific Method |
Observations and Discoveries |
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Nicolaus STENO |
Superposition, original horizontality, original lateral continuity, cross cutting, unconformities |
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Superposition |
The oldest layer is at the bottom of undisturbed strata |
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Original horizontality |
Sediment originally deposited in horizontal layers |
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Original lateral continuity |
Strata extend continuously in all directions |
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Cross Cutting |
Igneous intrusion YOUNGER than rock that was cut- molten magma cutting thru rock |
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Unconformities |
A gap/ hiatus of erosion covering large amounts of time |
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Non conformity |
Unconformity cut into metamorphic or igneous rocks overlain by sedimentary rocks |
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Angular Unconformity |
Overlying and underlying strata dips bc of erosion and tilting |
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Disconformity |
Sedimentary rock deposited parallel to eachother and on top of eachother |
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Lehman |
Earths crust into 3 different rocks: ore, stratified, alluvial mountains |
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Arduino |
Primary, secondary, tertiary, quaternary subdivision layers of sedimentary rocks |
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Cuvier |
Extinctions. Fossil Succession. History of life marked by catastrophes. |
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Fossil Succession |
Time markers from fossils found throughout time |
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Smith |
Co founder of fossil succession, made map of british isles by hand |
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Hutton |
Father of modern historical geology, uniformitarianism |
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Uniformitarianism |
PRESENT IS KEY TO PAST |
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Lyell |
Rebelled against catastrophism and bibles theories, contributed to uniformitarianism |
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Modern Fossil Definition |
Any evidence of past life preserved naturally and protected by rapid degradation |
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Body Fossils |
Anatomy of organism |
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Trace Fossils |
Trails, tracks, poop, footprints |
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Chemo Fossils |
Fossil fuels, chemicals preserved (coal, oil, natural gas) |
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Permineralization |
Original materials remain-> petrified wood and bone, pore spaces filled by minerals |
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Recrystalization |
Original shell altered by low grade metamorphism |
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Replacement (not v common) |
Dissolve shell and precipitate other minerals that were not originally grown by organism when living |
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Mold or Steinkern |
External impression of organism |
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Cast |
Replica of the original, filled in mold |
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Carbonization |
Chemofossils, organic material accumulated in a low oxygen setting |
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Chemofossils |
Carbon films of animals, no trace of bone, remains broken down into carbon-> carbonization |
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Lagerstätten (storage site) |
Rare geologic deposits of soft tissue preservation: wooly mammoths, jellyfish |
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Melanosomes |
Structures in feathers that show color patterns |
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Paleobiology |
The biology of fossil animals and plants |
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Functional Morphology |
Relationship between the structure of an organism and the function |
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Paleobiogeography |
The study of the distribution of ancientplants and animals and their relation to ancient geographic features. |
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Biostratigraphy |
Fossils and dating the rock within them |
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Ontogeny |
Changes an organism goes thru during growth and development |
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Taxonomy |
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genus, species (Keeping Precious Creatures Organized For Grumpy Scientists) |
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Cladistics |
Based on common ancestry implied by inherited characteristics. BIG family tree |
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Fact |
An observation repeatedly confirmed |
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Law |
Summary of the facts and observations (Gravity) |
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Hypothesis |
Testable idea based on facts and laws |
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Theory |
An EXPLANATION, the highest form |
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Evolution |
The progressive change in populations of organisms over time |
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Darwin's observations of finches |
1. Organisms have more offspring than can survive to adulthood 2. Offspring not identical, variation in characteristics |
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Darwin's inference |
The organisms better adapted to environment have better chances of surviving |
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Microevolution |
Short time scale of events (generation to generation) that change populations-> vaccines, pesticide, antibiotics |
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Macroevolution |
Long time scale of events that create and eliminate species-> fossil record |
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Selective Breeding |
Evolution that is man made, diff btwn dog breeds |
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Phylogeny |
Evolutionary family tree |
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Homology |
Inheritance from shared characteristics "bauplan", modify old parts, indicates a common ancestry |
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Speciation |
New species split off an existing lineage |
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Homeomorphs |
Similar shape among unrelated species (dolphins and sharks) |
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How many major extinctions? |
5 |
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USHER-> Bible |
Biblical stories, not testable, 4000 years old |
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Buffon & Kelvin->cooling spheres |
Cooling rates of metal and non metal spheres, LARGE range of time earth existed |
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Joly-> ocean |
Studied buildup of salt in oceans |
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Relative age dating-> not exact |
Based on superposition, original horizontality, cross cutting, unconformities, inclusions, fossil succession |
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Correlation |
Approximates time scale based on time equivalence. Tracing sediment beds over distances, rocks formed at same time, 99.9% of species in fossils are extinct, widespread time equivalent |
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Facies |
Lateral gradual deposits of sedimentary rock with distinctive characteristics |
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Walther's Law |
Facies next to eachother in a continuous vertical sequence are also next to eachother laterally (+ shape) |
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Transgression |
-Movement of shoreline towards land -RISE in sea level -coarse sand on bottom, fine sand on top |
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Regression |
-Movement of shoreline towards sea -DROP in sea level -fine sand om bottom coarse on top |
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Chronostratigraphic Time Units |
Physical evidence of time, rocks deposited, fossil content, smaller units-> upper middle lower |
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Geochronologic Time Units |
Pure time, periods are fundamental units, eon era epoch age |
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Lithostratigraphic Time Units |
Rock type with recognizable boundaries between units, formations-> members-> groups |
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Biostratigraphy |
Using fossils to age strata, index fossils |
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Absolute Age Dating |
Numerical values to relative time scale based on radiometric dating |
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Radioactive decay |
Parent element is radioactive and daughter element is stable, unaffected by heat or pressure, decay rate constant |
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Isotopes |
Diff types of an element differing in atomic mass (diff # of neutrons) |
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Half life |
The amount of time for half of the parent element to decay |
