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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Earthquake Causes
~Rock movement in the Earth's crust
~Shaking and trembling caused by a sudden release of energy
Epicenter
the point directly above the Focus
Focus
In earthquakes, the point within the Earth where the rupture occurs
Seismographs
stations that record the passage of seismic waves
Seismograms
The record of passing seismic waves
Body Waves
Travel through the Earth and are the fastest types of waves
Types of Body Waves
~P-wave (primary, fast)
~S-wave (secondary, slower than p-waves)
Surface Waves
Travel on the surface and are larger and slower than body waves
Types of Surface Waves
~Rayleigh Waves- up and down movement
~Love Waves- side to side movement
Richter Scale
~Measures magnitude of energy released
~Goes from 1-10
Mercalli Scale
~Measures intensity of shaking by assessing the damages
~Goes form I-XII
Magnitude and Energy of Richter Scale
~Each unit increase is a 10-fold increase in magnitude and a 30-fold increase in energy
Earthquake Hazards (5)
~Displacement
~Landslides
~Liquefaction of Soil
~Fires
~Tsunamis
Preventive Building Design for Earthquakes
design structures that move with ground motion (for example springs, rollers, etc.)
Hazard Maps
maps that illustrate the relative hazard of a given event for a certain area
Where do volcanoes occur?
~At convergent and divergent plate boundaries
~At hot spots
Why do volcanoes occur?
Hot, molten rock (magma) wells up to the surface
Tephra
Solid matter that is ejected into the air by an erupting volcano
Tephra Types (largest to smallest)
~Bombs
~Lapilli
~Ash
Gas Emissions from Volcanoes
~SO2
~CO2
~H2S
~HCl
~HF
Lava
liquid, molten material extruded to the surface (magma once it is present at the surface)
Pyroclastic Flows (Nuee Ardente)
a mixture of pyroclastic material and extremely hot gas
Lahar
A mixture of pyroclastic material and water (basically a mudflow)`
Phreatic Explosions
Occur when rising magma makes contact with ground or surface water
Mt. St Helens
Located in Washington state and is associated with lahar risk
Mt. Pelee
Located in Martinque where pyroclastic flows killed the majority of inhabitants
Mt. Tambora
Caused the year without a summer in 1816 (changed weather patterns)
Rock Fall
~fast
~material breaks free from a wall or steep slope
~the bottom of the rock fall where debris collects is the talus
Rock Slide
~fast
~single intact mass becomes detached and moves downslope