Geology 1 (After Midterm)

Front 1

AQUIFERS

Back 1

a permeable layer transporting groundwater. sand and gravel deposits, fracture granite, and limestone with solution cavities are good aquifers.

Front 2

CAPILLARY FRINGE

Back 2

surface tension produces the capillary fringe. the small water adhering to the particles in the zone of aeration in known as suspended water.

Front 3

UNCONFINED AQUIFERS

Back 3

formations that are exposed to atmospheric pressure changes. may be recharged by infiltration over the whole area underlain by the aquifer

Front 4

CONFINED AQUIFERS

Back 4

are bounded above and below by low permeability rocks. these act as water conduits.

Front 5

HYDRAULIC HEAD IN A AQUIFER

Back 5

the difference in the water pressure between the top and bottom of the aquifer

Front 6

PERCHED WATER TABLES

Back 6

false indications of the depth to the water table and the quantities available

Front 7

SUSTAINED YIELD

Back 7

the amount of water an aquifer can yield on a day to day basics over a long period of time without depleting the resource

Front 8

POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOURS

Back 8

well data is used to measure the depth to the water table. arrows indicate the flow direction.

Front 9

SPRINGS

Back 9

are formed when groundwater flows laterally to intersect the land surface and is discharged.

they form where solution cavities, fractures, or perched water tables intersect the ground surface.

Front 10

ARTESIAN SYSTEMS

Back 10

are form where the ground water in sloping aquifers is confined by and overlaying aquiclude. if recharge is sufficient to keep the aquifer filled, hydrostatic pressure builds up and allows groundwater to rise above the top of the aquifer in wells.

Front 11

KARST TOPOGRAPHY

Back 11

ground water erosion in areas underlain by limestone produces a characteristic landscape known as karst topography. characterized by sinkholes, solution valleys, disappearing streams, caves, springs, and terra rosa. humid and temperate climates.

Front 12

CAVE DEPOSITS

Back 12

as water seeps into caves, CO2, in the water escapes and a small amount of CALCITE is precipitated. almost all cave deposits form this ways and are collectively termed DRIPSTONES.

Front 13

STALACTITES

AND

STALAGMITES

Back 13

stalactites are icicle-shaped masses suspended from cave ceilings.

stalagmites are spires projecting upward from cave floors.

columns form where this two meet.

Front 14

HOW MUCH WATER A PERSON REQUIRES PER DAY?

Back 14

1 gallon of water per person per day. in the US 1800 gallons per person per day. about 25 % lost.

Front 15

WHAT ARE THE PRINCIPAL CATEGORIES OF WATER USE?

Back 15

municipal supplies (homes use)

rural use (rural homes and watering livestock)

irrigation

self-supplied industrial use

thermo-electric power generation

Front 16

GROUND WATER MINING

Back 16

where groundwater is being depleted by high rates of withdrawal which exceed the sustained yield and overdraft condition termed groundwater mining exists.

Front 17

SOLUTIONS TO LOWERING THE WATER TABLE?

Back 17

LEPA-low energy precision application

mandatory water meters

use of treated waste water for irrigation

water diversion programs

Front 18

MOST COMMON SOURCE OF CONTAMINATION

Back 18

sewage, landfills, toxic waste sites, and agriculture.

Front 19

WHO ARE THE TOP 4 IRRIGATORS

Back 19

china, India, Pakistan, US

Front 20

UPPSALA AQUIFER, SWEDEN

Back 20

artificial replenishment. water from the river fyris is pumped into wells. takes 8 months to reach the wells allowing for natural filtration to purify the water.

Front 21

STREAM

AND

DRAINAGE BASIN

Back 21

stream is any body of flowing water confined within a channel.

drainage basing is the area from which a stream draws its water.

Front 22

SHEET FLOW

Back 22

occurs when a more or less continuous sheet of shallow water moves over the surface.

Front 23

CHANNEL FLOW

Back 23

is confined to long, trough-like depressions raging in size from tiny rills to huge rivers.

Front 24

GRADIENT

Back 24

is the vertical drop divided by the horizontal distance along the stream. (slope)

higher gradient = higher velocity

Front 25

HOW DOES A STREM CARRIES MATERIAL?

Back 25

bed load (saltation and traction (rolling))

suspended load

saltation (bouncing)

dissolved load

Front 26

TYPES OF DRAINAGE

Back 26

dendritic (tree like)

rectangular (grid like)

trellis

radial (conical)

deranged (scattered)

Front 27

ALLUVIAL FANS

Back 27

form where mountains streams flow into flat valleys. the change in stream velocity causes the stream to deposit it's sediment load. can be subjected to flash floods and debris flows as a result of intense seasonal storms.

Front 28

DELTAS

Back 28

form where running water moves into standing water(lakes or ocean) typically have low stream gradients and changing cannel systems:

stream dominate (Mississippi)

wave dominated (nile)

tide dominated (ganges)

Front 29

MEANDERING CHANNELS

Back 29

meandering streams have single, winding channels that form broad looping curves known as meanders.

Front 30

CUT BANK AND POINT BAR

Back 30

the bank in the outside is actively eroding and known as the cut bank.

flow velocity is lower along the inside of the meander so along this bank, sediment is deposit to form a point bar.

Front 31

OXBOWS

Back 31

meanders sometimes become so sinuous that the neck of the land between them can be eroded away during flooding.

Front 32

LEVEES

Back 32

natural levees build up when a river floods and overflows its banks. at the point of overflow the velocity drops and sediment is deposited. these levees will tend to channelize the flow of future floods.

Front 33

TYPES OF FLOODING

Back 33

natural and artificial dam failures

coastal flooding (hurricanes, tsunamis, cyclones.)

river flooding

Front 34

EFFECTS OF FLOODING

(PRIMARY EFFECTS)

Back 34

water damage to household items

structural damages

destruction of roads bridges

crops loss

cemeteries damages

loss of life

Front 35

EFFECTS OF FLOODING

(SECONDARY AND TERTIARY IMPACTS)

Back 35

destruction of farm lands, parks and wildlife habitat

electrical services

lack of clean water

food shortages

gas leaks

disease related to pollution

economic impact

Front 36

UPSTREAM (FLASH) FLOODS

Back 36

tend to affect only small localised areas and generally caused by intense storms or dam failures. easily absorbed downstream but their high energy causes considerably damage

Front 37

DOWNSTREAM (RIVERINE) FLOODS

Back 37

affect large stream systems in large drainage basins as a result of prolonged rain or snowmelt events. buildings tend to get wet and muddy rather than being destroyed

Front 38

IN CLOSURE FOUR KEY OBJECTIVES CONSIDERED

Back 38

1. protect public health and safety

2. alleviate or eliminate environmental damage

3. achieve a productive use of the land, or a return to its original condition or an acceptable alternative

4. to the extent achievable, provide for sustainability of social and economic benefits resulting from mine development operations

Front 39

AMD

ACID MINE DRAINAGE

Back 39

is acidic water (pH < 5.0) containing elevated concentrations of iron, sulphate, and other metals that forms under natural conditions when geologic materials bearing metal sulphides are exposed to oxidizing environments

Front 40

ALKALINE MINE DRAINAGE

Back 40

is water that has a pH of 6.0 or above, contains alkalinity, but may still have dissolved metals that can create acid by oxidation and hydrolysis.

Front 41

DELETERIOUS METAL GENERATION

Back 41

deleterious metals are those metals which in low concentration pose serious health effects to human and aquatic life.

Front 42

TOXICITY TESTING

Back 42

sulphate toxicity at the steep rock mine is evident from the following:

yellowing of the fronds

decrease in numbers from the control sample

deformations

Front 43

TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION EVAUATION

(TIE)

PHASE I

Back 43

identify the general toxicant(s): metals, nonpolar organics, volatiles, ammonia, sulphate, acid, etc.

Front 44

TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION EVAUATION(TIE)PHASE II

Back 44

precisely determine what metal or metals (As vs Hg) and what specific metal complex is causing the toxicity (Hg or methyl-Hg)

Front 45

TOXICITY IDENTIFICATION EVAUATION(TIE)PHASE III

Back 45

statistical confirmation and recommended remediation

Front 46

REMEDATION OF AMD

Back 46

NATURAL REMEDIATION (do nothing approach)

ACTIVE

PASSIVE

Front 47

REMEDATION OF AMD REQUIRES?

Back 47

acid neutralization (pH 6.8 - 8.0)/ increase alkalinity

removal of metals (to concentration below toxic level, not necessarily drinking water quality)

removal of sulphate

Front 48

VALLEY GLACIERS

Back 48

are tongues of confined mountain valleys through which they flow from higher to lower elevation. like streams, many valley glaciers have smaller tributary glaciers. several km wide 200 km long and hundreds of meters thick.

Front 49

CONTINENTAL GLACIERS

Back 49

or ice sheets, cover at least 50 000 km2 and are unconfined by topography, blanket like accumulations of snow and ice that drape the land surface and flow outward in all directions from a central area of greatest thickness toward thinner areas along the margins. Antarctica and Greenland where thickness exceeds 3000 m.

Front 50

BULLDOZING,

PLUCKING, AND

ABRASION

Back 50

1. takes place as a glacier shoves or pushes unconsolidated material along its path.

2. results when glacial ice freezes in the crevices of a bedrock projection and eventually pulls loose blocks of the rock.

3. takes place as bedrock underlying a glacier is eroded by the flowing sediment-laden ice.