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33 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
nebular hypothesis |
is the most widely accepted model in the field of cosmogony to explain the formation and evolution of the Solar System. It suggests that the Solar System formed from nebulous material |
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Supernova / Black Holes Limits (compared to our sun) |
• 2-8 * Sun’s mass: Type 1 supernova (trigger runaway nuclear reaction, often by adding |
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Evidence for black holes: |
Regions where size and speed of rotation tells us that huge masses |
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Quasars |
We now think that these objects are probably mega-Black Holes, |
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Virtual Particles |
We believe that information about the four |
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Dark Matter - I |
The amount of lensing visible cannot |
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‘Spacecraft Behaving Badly’ |
Pioneer 10 and Pioneer 11 are spacecraft that were |
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Dark Energy |
• Dark energy is presumed to be a form of energy |
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What is the universe made of? |
4% normal matter, 21% dark matter 74% dark energy |
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What is the core problem with the astronomy paradigm? |
Another way to say this is need to combine 4 |
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What is the mathematical field of Chaos theory? |
Dynamical Systems |
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Broad definition of Chaos: |
A field of study in mathematics, physics, and |
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Discreteness |
Most processes acting in the world today are continuous |
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Nonlinearly? |
Nonlinearly in mathematics means that future values of |
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How did Lorentz study chaotic systems? |
Weather models |
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What is the main problem with dynamical systems? |
Problem is that very small changes in input |
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Argue: Simple systems behave in simple ways |
No, simple systems may evolve into |
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Argue: Complex behavior implies complex causes |
No, complex systems have underlying |
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Argue: Different systems behave differently |
No, there is a shared universality of chaotic |
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What is an attractor? |
An attractor is a set to which a |
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Who studied variability? |
Benoit Mandelbrot 1924 |
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What are the two patterns of variability? |
» spatial patterns - length of coastlines (example later) |
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Self-Similarity: |
It has a fine structure at arbitrarily small scales. |
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Examples of fluid flow: |
EXAMPLES: |
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Benoit's two effects which are not accountable with linear systems analysis: |
» Noah effect = sudden discontinuous changes can occur |
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What is science? |
• Model of Universe: A unified group of theories that |
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Components of science? |
The universe Imperfect model of universe Doing science Imperfect scientists |
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Paradigm shift? Who? |
Thomas Kuhn 1962 |
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Explain paradigms of science: |
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What does the timeline look like for those paradigms? |
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Evidence for Great Flood: |
• Evidence for Black Sea
----- •Ice sheet melts fills lake. |
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When did science become legally outlined? |
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Normal star evolution: |
Normal Stars: |