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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Broad, relatively flat regions of the ocean that lie at a depth of about 5 km below sea level
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Abyssal Plains
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Elongate submarine mountain ranges whose peaks lie only about 2 - 2.5 km below sea level
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Mid - ocean Ridges
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Deep areas in elongate troughs where the ocean floor reaches depths of 8 - 12 km
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Deep - ocean Trenches
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Curving chains of active volcanoes bordering trenches
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Volcanic Arcs
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Once active volcanoes located below sea level; isolated submarine mountains.
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Sea Mounts
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Narrow bands of vertical cracks and broken up rock; lie at roughly right angles to mid - ocean ridges
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Fracture Zones
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Layer of the earth which consists of the crust and the top (cooler part) of the upper mantle
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Lithosphere
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Layer of earth the lithosphere flows on; composed of warmer mantle that can flow slowly when acted on by force.
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Athenosphere
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Lithosphere that ranges from 25 - 70 km in thickness and consists of relatively low density felsic and intermediate rocks.
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Continental lithosphere
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Lithosphere that ranges from 7 - 10 km in thickness and consists of relatively high density mafic rocks.
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Oceanic Lithosphere
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A plate boundary in which two plates move apart from one another
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Divergent Boundary
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A plate boundary in which two plates move toward each other so that one plate sinks beneath the other
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Convergent Boundary
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A plate boundary at which one plate slips along the side of another plate
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Transform Boundary
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The plate boundary activity which results in the formation of mid - ocean ridges
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Divergent Boundary
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A zone at a convergent boundary where one plate (usually oceanic) sinks beneath another plate, into the athenosphere
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Subduction Zone
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Zone name for the belt of earthquakes that occur in a downgoing plate
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Wadati-Benioff Zone
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Earthquakes cannot occur at a depth greater than this
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660 km
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Stationary volcanoes or areas of hot magma located in the middle of plates, not along boundaries.
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Hot Spots
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The source for hot spots; a column of very hot rick rising up through the mantle to the base of the lithosphere.
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Mantle Plume
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The chain of extinct volcanoes formed when an overlying plate moves over a fixed plume.
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Hot Spot Track
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The process by which new divergent plate boundaries are formed and one continent separates into two continents
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Rifting
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The process by which a convergent boundary ceases to exist when a piece of buoyant lithosphere moves into the subduction zone
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Collision
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A linear belt in which continental lithosphere undergoes rifting, or pulls apart. The lithosphere stretches horizontally, so it thins vertically. Near the surface of the continent, brittle rocks stretches and breaks, forming faults.
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Continental rift
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The process by which two buoyant pieces of lithosphere converge and squeeze together
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Collision
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Develops because the region of a rift is elevated, so the mass of the ridge pushes sideways
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Ridge-Push Force
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Develops because lithosphere is denser than the underlying athenosphere and sinks like a stone in water.
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Slab-Pull Force
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Seismic waves that pass through the center of the earth
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Body waves
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Seismic waves that travel along earth's surface
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Surface waves
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Seismic waves that cause particles of material to move back and forth parallel to the direction the wave itself moves (compression and dilation)
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Compressional waves
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Seismic waves that cause particles of material to move perpendicular to the direction the wave itself moves
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Shear waves
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P-Waves (primary)
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Compressional Body Waves
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S-Waves (secondary)
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Shear Body Waves
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L-Waves (love)
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Surface waves that cause the ground to ripple back and forth, producing a snake like movement
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R-Waves (rayleigh)
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Surface waves that cause the ground to ripple up and down
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Fastest waves; travel in same direction as principal direction of force; travel through all material
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P-Waves
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Travel perpendicular to primary direction of force; will not travel through liquid/molten materials
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S-Waves
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The waves that we feel; cause shaking and damage to buildings.
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L-Waves (surface waves)
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The phenomenon resulting in waves bending as they travel through layers of varying density
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Wave refraction
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Waves move _____ through higher densities
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Faster
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Scale for determining the magnitude based on the damage is causes; from 1 - 12.
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Mercalli Intensity Scale
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