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103 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
topographic map
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map that uses contour lines to show landforms
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aerial photographs
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photographs taken from a plane and pieced together to form a mosaic of an area
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landsat images
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made by a satellite that takes digital images of earth's surface using visible light and other wavelengths of the electromagnetic spectrum
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digital elevation models
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computer generated, 3D views of landforms made from radar satellite elevation data spaced at intervals on the earth's surface
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projection
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the process by which a 3D sphere is converted into a 2D map
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prime meridian
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a longitudinal line that passes through Greenwich, England
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azimuth method
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geologists use this to indicate direction, based on the dial of a compass
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map scale
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indicated how much an area has been scaled down so we can relate inches or centemeters on the map to real distances on the ground
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verbal scale
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uses words to describe the scaling of map and real distances
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proportional scale
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a scale that tells exactly how much ground has been scaled down to make the map (ex - 1:100,000)
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bar scale
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expresses the same relation as a verbal scale
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vertical exaggeration
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the degree to which the vertical scale has been exaggerated
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contour lines
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a line that connects points of the same value for whatever is being measured
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relief
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difference in elevation
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topographic profile
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a cross section view of topography
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stream channel
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the area within which the water is actually flowing
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stream valley
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region within which the stream has eroded the land
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headwaters
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where the stream begins
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mouth
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where the streams ends, by flowing into another stream, ocean, or topographic low
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base level
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the elevation at the mouth thus controls erosion along the entire stream
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sinuosity
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measures how much a stream meanders
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floodplain
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sediment carried by the floodwater is deposited in this
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natural levees
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ridges of sediment that outline the channel and form when a stream overflows its banks and deposits its coarsest sediment next to the channel
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point bars
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form when water on the inside of a meander loop slows down, causing sediment to be deposited
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meander scars
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the levees that formerly flanked the meanders help outline the former position of the river, leaving these
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oxbow lakes
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meander scars that have filled with water
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drainage basin
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the area drained by a stream
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drainage divide
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highlands that separate adjacent drainage basins
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dendritic
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stream pattern that develops where surface materials are equally resistant to erosion
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trellis
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stream pattern that forms where ridges of resistant rock alternate with valleys underlain by weaker material
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rectangular
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stream patterns that indicate zones of weakness perpendicular to one another
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radial
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stream pattern that flow either outward from a high point or inward toward the center of a large basin
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annular
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stream pattern that occurs where there are concentric rings of alternating resistant and weak rocks, typically found in domes and basins
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mountain, valley, or alpine glaciers
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small glaciers that form on mountains and flow downhill, carrying out their erosion and depositional work in the valleys they carve
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continental ice sheets
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masses of ice thousands of feet thick, that flow across the countryside
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till
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sediment that is deposited directly from melting ice
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outwash
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sediment that is carried away by melt water
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moraines
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landscapes that are composed of till deposited directly from the melting ice
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outwash plains and eskers
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landscapes that are made of outwash carried by meltwater streams
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paternoster lakes
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lakes that form on an irregular, scalloped glacial valley
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hanging valley
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when large glaciers carve downward more rapidly than smaller ones so previously existing main stream valleys are deepened more than tributary valleys; when the ice melts it creates this
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groundwater
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water that sinks into the ground
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karst topography
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ground-water eroded landscapes
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aquifers
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materials that transmit water readily
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aquitards
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materials that prevent water from infiltrating
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cone of depression
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when water is pumped from an aquifer it lowers the water table, especially in the area around the well
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alluvial fans
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streams erode materials from the highlands and redeposit them as these
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inselberg
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isolated peaks above sediment fill
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playa lake
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streams flowing into the basin from surrounding blocks have no way to leave and so form this
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salt lakes
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playa lakes that evaporate
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wave base
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when the depth of wave action is limited and is approximately half of the wavelength it is called this
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emergent
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recently uplifted relative to sea level
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submergent
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lowered so that former land areas are below sea level
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wave cut bench
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waves that move sediment back and forth across the tidal zone, creating this flat thing
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storm surge
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a wall of water driven onshore by the hurricane
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pressure
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squeezing equally from all sides
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compression
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squeezing of squashing in a specific direction
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tension
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stretching or pulling apart
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shear
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happens when one part of the material moves relative to another part in a direction parallel to the boundary between the parts
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deformation
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the application of stress to rock produces this
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faults
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displacement of rocks on sliding surfaces
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folds
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bending or warping of layers to produce arch like or trough like shapes
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foliation
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a fabric caused by the alignment of platy or elongate minerals
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geologic structures
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the products of deformation, such as faults, folks, and foliations are called these
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block diagram
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3D representation of a region of the crust that depicts the configuration of structures on the ground
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geologic map
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represents the earth's surface as it would appear looking straight down from above, showing the boundaries between rock units and where structures intersect the earth's surface
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cross section
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represents the configuration of structures as seen in a vertical slice through the earth
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contact
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the boundary between two geologic units
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stratigraphic formation
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a sequence of sedimentary and/or volcanic layers that has a definable age and can be identified over a broad region
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intrusive contact
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boundary of surface of an intrusive igneous rock
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conformable contact
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boundary between successive beds, sedimentary formations, or volcanic extrusions in a continuous stratigraphic sequence
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uncomformable contact
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occurs where a period of erosion and/or deposition has interrupted deposition
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fault contact
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where two units are juxtaposed across a fault
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attitude
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orientation of any planar geologic feature
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strike
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the intersection between a horizontal surface and the surface of the feature
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dip
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angle of tilt or the angle of slope of the bed
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body waves
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the energy of earthquakes that is brought to the surface by these seismic waves
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focus
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the point beneath the surface where the energy is released
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epicenter
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the point on the surface directly above the focus
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p-waves
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a form of longitudinal wave in which particles vibrate back and forth in the direction in which the wave is traveling (faster than the other kind of waves)
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s-waves
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form of transverse wave in which particle motion is perpendicular to the direction of energy transport
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surface waves
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when p or s waves reach the surface, some of their energy is converted to these
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love wave
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transverse wave in which particles vibrate horizontally
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rayleigh wave
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unique wave in which particles move in a circular pattern opposite the direction in which the wave is traveling
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seismometers
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instruments that detect seismic waves
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seismogram
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the printed or digital record of ground motion
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liquifaction
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a process by which seismic vibration causes friction between sand grains in waterlogged sediment to be reduced to the sediment loses its ability to support overlying weight and flows like a liquid
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half life
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the amount of time it takes for half of the parent atoms in a mineral sample to decay to an equal number of daughter atoms
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nonplunging fold
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when the hinge of a fold is horizontal
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plunging fold
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when the hinge of a fold has a tilt
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reverse fault
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if the hanging wall block moves up dip
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normal fault
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if the hanging wall block moves down dip
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uncomformity
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a contact that represents a period of nondeposition and/or erosion
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discomformity
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bedding above and below the unconformity are parallel but there is a significant time gap between the age of the strata below and the age of the strata above
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noncomformity
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strata are deposited on a basement of intrusive igneous and/or metamorphic rock
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angular uncomformity
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the orientation of the beds above and the uncomformity is not the same as that below
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structurally controlled landscape
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region in which the structure of bedrock strongly influences topography
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permeability
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the connection of pore space
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sinkholes
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form when underground cavities dissolved by groundwater grow so large that there is not enough rock to support the ground surface
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karst towers
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what remains when the rock around them has been dissolved
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karst valleys
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form when several sinkholes develop along an elongate fracture
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zone of saturation
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where all pore spaces are filled with water
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zone of aeration
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where some pores are partly filled with air
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