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29 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Positive and negative correlations

- Correlation is when 2 sets of statistics are related to each other


- Negative = 1 increasing, 1 decreasing


- Positive = both increasing or decreasing


- No correlation = the 2 sets of data do not relate

Population distribution in Canada - Ecumene

- A description of the pattern in which people live.


- Also known as the ecumene (means inhabited land)

Settlement patterns


Clustered

- Grouping of settlements around a center or nucleus  
- Usually built around a geographical feature such as a main intersection, river or lake

- Grouping of settlements around a center or nucleus


- Usually built around a geographical feature such as a main intersection, river or lake



Settlement patterns


Scattered

- Scattered settlements over a large area  
- Often occurs in rural areas

- Scattered settlements over a large area


- Often occurs in rural areas

Settlement patterns


Linear

- Grouping of settlements in a line  
- Usually along transportation networks, rivers, borders

- Grouping of settlements in a line


- Usually along transportation networks, rivers, borders

Population density

- The number of individuals occupying an area in relation to the size of that area


- How to calculate it: number of people ÷ the area they occupy = population density

Birth rate / Death rate - What factors affect them

Low birth rate = developed country, woman want to educated and have a career


High birth rate = developing country


High death rate = developing country, don’t have good medicine and tech


Low death rate = developed country, good medicine and tech

Census

- Canada has a census every 5 years that collects data


- Statistics Canada collects and analyzes the demographic information


- Anonymous


- It’s the law


- Government, businesses, schools, urban planners, etc. all use the informations from

Dependancy load

- The percent of people who are under 15 and over 65


- Population with large pre/post-reproductive cohorts may have issues with dependency load


- A ratio is used to compare them (dependent people:non-dependent people)

Aging population

- They're the most influential group of people because there’s so many of them currently and will be in the future as well


- It's occurring because we’re improving medicine/tech which results in high life expectancy


General impacts


- Puts stress on health care system


- Higher tax because many old people collect pension

Push / Pull factors

Push factors


- A reason that encourages someone to leave a particular country / area


- War


- Natural disasters


- Poverty


Pull factors


- A reason that encourages someone to come to a particular country / area


- Better education / job opportunities


- Freedom


- Safety

Canadian immigration classes


Economic

- Any person attempting to gain entry to Canada on the basis of their own merits or value tot he country


- Two subclasses exist:


- 1. Skilled Worker: People who are evaluated according to how they will contribute and adapt to life in Canada. They are judged according to Canada’s Point System.


- 2. Business Class: People who are evaluated according to how much they will invest in Canada. They must have a net worth of more than $800 000, and be willing to invest $400 000.

Canadian immigration classes


Family

- People who already have family here trying to come to Canada


-Their sponsor must agree to financially support them for at least three years.


These people are generally:


- Spouses


- Parents, grandparents, immediate family


- Adoptees

Canadian immigration classes


Refugee

- People attempting to gain entry to Canada because they need for protection from a situation in their home country (i.e. war, persecution, abuse, racism, etc.)


- The merits of their case are judged by the Immigration and Refugee Board (IRB).


- Once in Canada, they receive assistance in adjusting to life in Canada (job training, housing assistance, etc.)

Problems with the immigration system

Point system


- If someone were to want to come to Canada with a low income job and want to get another low income job, they would be denied because of their current job which is low income, but someone with a high income job would be accepted into the country only to receive a low income job.


- Even though Canada’s economy needs certain jobs (mechanics, electricians), the people with those jobs would get denied because they don’t have enough education.

Statistical trends in Canadian immigration

- Immigration is increasing


- Most people coming from Asia


- Most people settle in urban areas and big cities such as GTA and Vancouver



The point system

- Each skilled worker is judged according to 6 criteria


- Immigrants must score at least 67 (out of 100) in order to be accepted


- Education


- Language ability


- Work experience


- Age


- Arranged employment


- Adaptability

Urbanization

- The increase in the amount of people living in urban areas


- Global trend

Urban land use types



Residential


- Space in which people live


- A mixture of high, medium and low density (high = low and high-rise apartments and condos, medium = row housing, duplex, low = detached and semi-detached homes)


Transportation


- Land use for movement of people and goods


Commercial


- Space used to sell goods and services to consumers


Industrial


- Space used to make or produce goods


Institutional


- Any government land and buildings


Recreational


- Any undeveloped land or used for physical activity

Urban sprawl



- The spreading of urban development into rural areas, adjoining the edge of the city


- It is often uncontrolled and unplanned


Examples


• More residential areas today


• Deforestation


• More roads today


• Loss of farmland

Smart growth

Planned economic and community development that attempts at being sustainable in nature


- High density living


- Walkable places

Analyzing population pyramids


Base

Birth rate


- Wide base = high birth rate


- Narrow base = low birth rate

Analyzing population pyramids


Side shapes

- Concave sides indicate a high death rate


- Convex sides indicate a low death rate

Analyzing population pyramids


Symmetry

- Pyramids should be relatively symmetrical (males should be same as females in each age group)


- Asymmetry (difference) shows something strange has happened to the gender distribution


- For example, a pyramid can show you that there are more females living to an older age

Analyzing population pyramids


Irregularities / anomalies

- Should not be drastic change between age groups; birth rates generally change slowly


- Bumpy sides indicate an irregularity or anomaly- birth rate or death rates have changed faster than normal


- When there is an irregularity present, demographers need to figure out what event/circumstance is causing it

Types of population pyramids


Expansive/expanding

- Have classic triangular/pyramid shape 
- The base of this population indicates a high birthrate and the narrow top indicates a high death rate 
- Developing country 
- Often have poor access to birth control, lack of education  
- If sides conca...

- Have classic triangular/pyramid shape


- The base of this population indicates a high birthrate and the narrow top indicates a high death rate


- Developing country


- Often have poor access to birth control, lack of education


- If sides concave, poor medical care & nutrition lead to high death rate, low life expectancy

Types of population pyramids


Slow expanding/stationary

- Relatively straight sides 
- Pre/reproductive/post cohorts are fairly equal - - This means that the population isn’t expanding/growing 
- Developed country 
- Have access to good family planning, birth control, education 
- Good medical care, ...

- Relatively straight sides


- Pre/reproductive/post cohorts are fairly equal - - This means that the population isn’t expanding/growing


- Developed country


- Have access to good family planning, birth control, education


- Good medical care, nutrition, education etc.



Types of population pyramids


Contractive (declining)

- Post-reproductive age group is larger than the pre/reproductive age group 
- Very low birth rate often indicates of a highly developed country 
- Population will decline without immigration 
- Developed country 
- Have an aging population

- Post-reproductive age group is larger than the pre/reproductive age group


- Very low birth rate often indicates of a highly developed country


- Population will decline without immigration



New Urbanism

- The idea that you can go into preexisting places and change them to make them smart growth cities.