Geography The Coastal Zone

Front 1

Constructive Wave

Back 1

-Greater backwash that swash

-Longer wave length but lower wave height

-Low frequency

-Distant, consistant winds

-Shallower gradient

Front 2

Destructive waves

Back 2

-Greater backwash than swash

-High wave height and short wave length

-High frequency

-Storm conditions

-Steep gradient

Front 3

Breaking waves

Back 3

-Circular orbit

-Friction

-Increasing elliptical orbit

-Wave breaks

Front 4

Hydraulic action

Back 4

Water and air forced into cracks

Front 5

Abrasion

Back 5

Sediment thrown against cliff

Front 6

Solution

Back 6

Calcium carbonate from limestone dissolves into the sea to make it slightly more acidic.

Front 7

Attrition

Back 7

Lose sediment thrown and collides

Front 8

Weathering

Back 8

Breakdown of rocks that doesn't involve removal

Front 9

Mechanical Weathering

Back 9

Breakdown due to a specific chemical change in the nature of the rocks.

Front 10

Freeze Thaw (Mechanical)

Back 10

-Water in cracks

-Freezes

-Expands

-Pressure

-Rock breaks off

Front 11

Biological Weathering

Back 11

Plant roots and animals break down the structure of the rock

Front 12

Chemical Weathering

Back 12

Chemicals break down rock as a result of a reaction

Front 13

Carbination

Back 13

-Rain absorbs CO2 from pollutants

-Makes weak carbonic acid

-Reacts with calcium carbonate in limestone

-Rock is dissolved

Front 14

Formation of headlands and bays

Back 14

-More and less resistant rock

-Erosion

-less resistant forms bays

-More resistant forms headlands

-Wave refraction focuses energy headlands

-Bays experience deposition, headlands erosion

Front 15

Wave cut notches and platforms

Back 15

-Erosion in the intertidal zone

-Rock breaks off

-Process repeats

Front 16

Arch, Stack, Stump

Back 16

-Weakness or fault

-Hydraulic action

-Cave then arch

-Wave cut notch widening

-Weathering on the roof

-Roof becomes unsupported

-Collapses and stack is formed.

-Erosion at base

-Stack collapses to form a stump

Front 17

Mass movement

Back 17

The movement of sediment under the effect of gravity.

Front 18

Rotational slumping

Back 18

-Change in rock type (Clay and boulder stone)

-Boulder stone becomes saturated in heavy rain

-Slip plane lubricated

-Slumping

Front 19

Rock slides

Back 19

-Erosion at base

-Freeze thaw

-Lubrication

-Moves diagonally

Front 20

Rock slides

Back 20

-Erosion at base

-Freeze thaw

-Lubrication

-Moves diagonally

Front 21

Solution

Back 21

Dissolved chemicals from limestone and chalk.

Front 22

Rock slides

Back 22

-Erosion at base

-Freeze thaw

-Lubrication

-Moves diagonally

Front 23

Solution

Back 23

Dissolved chemicals from limestone and chalk.

Front 24

Saltation

Back 24

A hopping or bouncing motion of particles too heavy to be suspended.

Front 25

Rock slides

Back 25

-Erosion at base

-Freeze thaw

-Lubrication

-Moves diagonally

Front 26

Solution

Back 26

Dissolved chemicals from limestone and chalk.

Front 27

Saltation

Back 27

A hopping or bouncing motion of particles too heavy to be suspended.

Front 28

Traction

Back 28

Large pebbles rolled along the sea bed

Front 29

Rock slides

Back 29

-Erosion at base

-Freeze thaw

-Lubrication

-Moves diagonally

Front 30

Solution

Back 30

Dissolved chemicals from limestone and chalk.

Front 31

Saltation

Back 31

A hopping or bouncing motion of particles too heavy to be suspended.

Front 32

Traction

Back 32

Large pebbles rolled along the sea bed

Front 33

Suspension

Back 33

Particles suspended within the water.

Front 34

Long shore drift

Back 34

-Prevailing wind determines wave direction.

-Swash carries material up the beach in same direction as the wind.

-Backwash carries material down the beach at the shortest route due to gravity.

-Repeats and sediment carried in a zigzag.

Front 35

Deposition

Back 35

-In bays where wave energy diverges.

-Constructive waves

-Coastline is shallower (more friction) e.g salt marshes

-Groines

Front 36

Spit

Back 36

-Dominant wind creates LSD

-Sudden change in Coast

-LSD carries sediment off the edge of coast.

-Heavier sediment dropped 1st

-Secondary wind creates recurved end.

-Salt marshes behind

-Deep water stops it reaching all the way.

Front 37

Bar

Back 37

-LSD in wind direction

-Like a spit, but joins two headlands.

-Lagoon made behind from old bay.

Front 38

Beach

Back 38

-Sediment from headlands collapse into sea

-Attrition

-LSD

-Low energy diverging waves deposit.

Front 39

Holderness Coastline

Back 39

-Homes lost at great Cowden and Shipsea

-80,000km squared agricultural land lost.

-Gas terminal at Easington is 25m from sea

-SSSIs like the lagoon at Easington will be lost.

Front 40

Effects of erosion on Holderness

Back 40

-Homes hard to insure

-Vegetation and cliff birds lost

-Shops and business lost (e.g 10 pitches a year at caravan site in Ulrane.

-Tourism loss

Front 41

Advance the line

Back 41

Build new, higher and better defences to defend valuable land.

Front 42

Advance the line

Back 42

Build new, higher and better defences to defend valuable land.

Front 43

Hold the line

Back 43

Keep and maintain current defences on the existing coast.

Front 44

Hard management

Back 44

Uses artificial methods to stop or interrupt the natural process.

Front 45

Groynes

Back 45

-Stop LSD and build up the beach which absorbs wave energy.

-Bigger beach can enhance tourism. It's also used for fishing. Not too expensive.

-Starves beaches down drift of sediment, which causes more erosion. Prevents access.

Front 46

Re-curved sea wall

Back 46

-Reflects wave energy. Stops erosive process.

-Very effective. Creates walkway.

-Obstructive and unnatural. Very expensive and has high maintenance cost.

Front 47

Rock armour

Back 47

-Absorbs, breaks up and dissipates wave energy.

-Cheap and easy to maintain.

-Can be expensive to import rocks. Obstructive. Don't fit with local geology.

Front 48

Soft management

Back 48

An environmentally friendly approach. Involves using natural materials and working with the natural process.

Front 49

Beach nourishment

Back 49

-Adding sediment so the beach absorbs more energy. Sourced locally to match with beach.

-Cheap and easy to maintain. Blends in. Increased tourism,

-Needs constant maintenance unless structures are built.

Front 50

Dune stabilisation

Back 50

-Planting Marrom grass will bind with the sand and stabilise it. Builds up and absorbs wave energy.

-Natural. Popular with people and wildlife.

-Time consuming. Restricted access.

Front 51

Dune stabilisation

Back 51

-Planting Marrom grass will bind with the sand and stabilise it. Builds up and absorbs wave energy.

-Natural. Popular with people and wildlife.

-Time consuming. Restricted access.

Front 52

Managed retreat/marsh creation

Back 52

-Letting an area erode to form a salt marsh that absorbs wave energy.

-Cheap. Wildlife habitats.

-Land lost. Compensation payed.

Front 53

Cause of global sea level rising

Back 53

-Climate change is warming the atmosphere.

-Ice melt on land

-Thermal expansion

-Not ice bergs, as they displace water.

-48cm rise by 2100

Front 54

Cause of global sea level rising

Back 54

-Climate change is warming the atmosphere.

-Ice melt on land

-Thermal expansion

-Not ice bergs, as they displace water.

-48cm rise by 2100

Front 55

Maldives-Environmental

Back 55

-Loss of soil causes coastal floods.

-Beach erosion and higher water temp cause coral bleaching.

Front 56

Maldives-Social

Back 56

-Loss of traditional way of life, locals forced to leave.

-Less freshwater supplies, polluted with salt.

Front 57

Maldives-Economic

Back 57

-Loss of tourism. 35% of countries income. 73000 jobs.

-Disrupted fishing industry. 12000 jobs.

Front 58

Maldives-Economic

Back 58

-Loss of tourism. 35% of countries income. 73000 jobs.

-Disrupted fishing industry. 12000 jobs.

Front 59

Maldives-Political

Back 59

-Plans to move Maldivians.

-Borrowed $30m for a sea wall

Front 60

Holderness-Bridlington

Back 60

-4km seawall (£24m), 1km groynes (£50K), rock armour.

-Large population, fishing jobs, water sports, wildlife.

Front 61

Holderness-Hornsea

Back 61

-3km sea wall (£18m), 3km rock groynes (£150k)

-Urban development, fresh water lagoon, caravan park, fishing.

Front 62

Holderness-Mappleton

Back 62

-Groynes and rock armour (£2.1m for both)

-50 properties, B road.

Front 63

Holderness-Great Cowdon

Back 63

-Managed retreat

-3k compensation paid per year

Front 64

Holderness-Eaington

Back 64

-1km sea wall and 1km of Groynes (£6.5m for both)

-Gas terminal processes 25% of north sea gas

Front 65

Holderness-Spurn Point

Back 65

-3km groynes and rock armour. (£3m for both)

-Sand dunes and wetland homes

Front 66

Sand dunes environment (Studland bay)

Back 66

-Lack of moisture and nutrients

-Sand is mobile

-Water drains quickly

-Salt water

-Trampling

Front 67

Marrom Grass adaptions

Back 67

-Folds leaves to minimise water loss

-Wide long roots to reach moisture

-Hairs on leaves to trap moisture

Front 68

What marrom grass does...

Back 68

-Natural health and nutrients

-More habitats and food

-Roots hold sand together

Front 69

Species in Studland

Back 69

-Night jars

-Sand lizards

Front 70

Studland-Marram grass

Back 70

-Provides habitats, food, nutrients etc.

-Stops wildlife being damaged by tourists

Front 71

Studland-Bird watching hides and guided walks

Back 71

Stops people hunting around in vegetation for birds

Front 72

Studland-Limited parking

Back 72

Stops it getting too crowded

Front 73

Studland-Boardwalks

Back 73

Stops people trampling. Damages some areas in order to save others.

Front 74

Studland-Fire beaters

Back 74

Stops BBQ fires spreading

Front 75

Studland-Jet skis and boats limited to 5mph

Back 75

Stops salt spray

Front 76

Studland-No dogs in the summer

Back 76

Stops dogs disrupting habitats

Front 77

Studland-Honeypot

Back 77

Attracts tourists to a particular area and stops large scale destruction

Front 78

Studland-Information boards

Back 78

Encourages people to mind the wildlife