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46 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What types of extinct flightless birds were native to Hawaii? |
Moa Nalo |
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How did sea birds fare versus land birds? |
Are more common, done well over the years |
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What are the causes of the decline of bird species in the archipelago? |
- Habitat loss - Competition - Predation - Diseases |
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Can you name a native bird? |
I‘iwi |
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What is the most common bird in the main islands today? |
Japanese White-Eye |
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What type of native snails are found in the Wai'anae and Ko'olau mountains? |
Achatinellia |
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What are the threats to native snails? |
- J.T. Gulick/Collection (former) - Habitat destruction - Rosy Wolf Snail (predator) - Polynesian rat (predator) |
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What are some evolutionary trends and unique example associated with Hawaiian insects? |
Carnivorous caterpillars |
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What insect lives at the top of Mauna Kea? |
Wēkiu Bug |
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How have rates of species introductions changed since Polynesian and European arrival in the islands? |
They have increased. One million times the natural rate. |
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Can you give some examples of invasive alien species? |
- Strawberry Guava - Kahili Ginger - Banana Poka |
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How does the number of non-native species compare to natives for various types of plants and animals? |
About equal. |
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What are some example of non-native species transforming native ecosystems? |
- Kahili Ginger: reduces nutrient availability for native plants - Axis Deer: graze native vegetation, difficult to contain |
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What terminology is associated with legal definitions of species abundance? |
- Endangered - Threatened - Proposed - Candidate - At-risk - Critical - Essential |
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How many species in Hawaii are endangered and what are some examples? |
349 endangered species. - Hibiscus - Monk seals |
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What are the causes of species endangerment? |
- Habitat loss - Competition |
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What is the most threatened habitat in Hawaii? |
Low-land Dry Forest |
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What habitat types are most degraded and where is endangered species habitat mostly found? |
- Dry forest most degraded - Endangered species habitat mostly found in Hawaii |
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As a percentage, how much land in Hawaii is designated under some form of protection? |
25% |
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What types of protected areas are found in Hawaii? |
- National Park - National Wildlife Refuges - National Marine Sanctuaries - State Forest Reserve - Natural Area Reserves - State Wilderness Preserves / Wildlife Sanctuaries - Marine Life Conservation Districts - State Parks |
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Can you give examples of different protected areas and differences in management strategies? |
- Ka'aena Natural Area Reserve: built a fence to protect the ground nesting birds; traffic is restrictedHawaiian - Homelands: previously used for cattle to graze; land is ruined; state didn't try to fix the gorse infestation until it was very-well established |
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What is an effective method of protecting native habitat? |
Natural Area Reserves |
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What is the traditional theory concerning the timing and sequence of settlement and arrival of Polynesian colonizers? |
- Europeans originally thought the Hawaiians came from Tahiti, this may have been the 2nd arrival - 1st settlement may have come from the Marquesas - Settled east side of the islands first, moving westward over time. |
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What was the primary land division under Hawaiian tenure? |
‘Ahupua‘a |
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Can you name several canoe plants and their uses? |
- Kou = wood - Kamani = Lamp oil• Bowls• Scent• Medicine - Kukui = Light• Dye• Oil• Medicine - Milo = Bowls• Dye• Medicine• Shade - Noni = Medicine• Food - ‘Ōhiʻa ‘ai = Food• Medicine |
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When did Europeans first come to Hawaii? |
January 1778 |
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What native tree was the source of the first commercial economy in Hawaii? |
Sandalwood |
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When was Hawaii annexed by the United States, who was behind it and why? |
Annexed in 1898. Lorrin Thurston. why? |
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What industries have historically dominated Hawaii's economy and in what order? |
- Sandalwood - Whaling - Sugar - Pineapple - Military - Tourism |
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What resources does Hawaii rely on for most of its energy? |
Petroleum |
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What are some paradigms for Hawaii in the 21st century? |
- Global change - Endangered Species - Sustainability - Energy Dependence |
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Essential Habitat |
Areas that may be needed to recover an endangered species; used in species recovery efforts, but not given legal protection. |
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Critical Habitat |
Areas officially deemed necessary to a species' conservation; given some legal protection. |
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At-risk Species |
Any species, subspecies, or variety that is either endangered or may become endangered in the foreseeable future. |
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Candidate Species |
A species identified as qualifying for listing as endangered or threatened but has not yet been proposed for listing. |
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Proposed Species |
A species that has been officially recommended for listing as endangered or threatened, but listing has not yet been approved. |
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Threatened Species |
Any species likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future. |
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Endangered Species |
Any species in danger of extinction throughout all, or significant portion, of its range. |
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National Parks |
Federally managed• Recreation• Conservation• Science• Biosphere Reserve Ex: Kipahulu Valley: Haleakalā |
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National Wildlife Refuges |
Variable• Wetlands and water fowl• Atolls• Montane Forest Ex: Kealia National Wildlife Refuges |
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National Marine Sanctuaries |
Ex: Maui |
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State Forest Reserve |
Watershed purposes• High percentage of biodiversity• Managed for hunting feral game Ex: Kapalama |
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Natural Area Reserves |
Created to preserve native ecosystems and natural features Ex: Ka‘ala Natural Area Reserve |
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State Wilderness Preserves / Wildlife Sanctuaries |
Large areas set aside for wilderness or small areas set aside for protection of individual species |
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Marine Conservation Districts |
Near shore for marine life protection and public viewing - Hanauma Bay |
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State Parks |
- Recreation andecosystem protection - Challenging to accommodate both with limited management Ex: Nā Pali Coast State Park |