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96 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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What is a natural hazard |
Extreme nature events that can potentially harm people and property causing damage, injury or even death |
ext nat eve pot har peo pro cau dam inj dea |
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Types of natural hazards |
Earthquakes, volcanoes, hurricanes, tornadoes, blizzards |
ear vol hur tor bliz |
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Factors affecting hazard risk |
Access to healthcare, population density, buildings per square km, resources, education, preparation |
acc 2 hea po de bui ⬜km res edu prep |
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Layers of the earth |
Crust Mantle Outer core Inner core |
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Convection currents |
Creating by rising and sinking magma due to heat from the centre of the earth. They are in the mantle, move in circular motions and push plates along |
crea: ris sin mag fro hea fro cen of ear in mant mov cir mot pus plat alon |
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Types of plate margins |
Conservative Collision Constructive Destructive |
cccd |
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Inner core |
The inner core is a solid ball and is radioactive |
radio ball |
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Where do volcanoes occur |
Mainly at destructive plate margins but also at constructive and conservative sometimes and also hot spots |
des constr conser hspot |
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Constructive plate margin |
2 plates move away from eachother and magma rises to fill the gap, creating small gentle volcanoes (shield volcanoes) Or As the plates slide away from eachother there are sometimes small earthquakes from the friction |
gap, gap fill, shield vol slide away, fric, quake |
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Destructive plate margin |
When the oceanic plate melts due to friction and heat turning into new magma in the mantle and then rises up to the crust to form volcanoes Or when a continental plate and oceanic plate meet and the oceanic plate subducts as it is denser causing friction and built up pressure which is then released in the form of an earthquake |
vol: subduct, melt, new mag in mant, rise up to crust, vol quake: plates meet, o subducts, friction, release, quake |
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Conservative plate margin |
2 plates slide past eachother. They are not smooth so they get stuck. Pressure starts to build up so much the plates start to jerk forwards, slip along the fault line, creating earthquakes |
slide past, get stuck, pressure builds, the jerk forwards, slip along f line, quake |
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Collision plate margin |
2 continental plates collide together. They have the same density so none sink. The colliding plates are forced upwards and crumple to form fold mountains. As fold mountains are formed earthquakes occur but not volcanoes. |
2 cont collide, forced up, crumple form fold moun, as happening quakes occur |
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Where do earthquakes occur |
Earthquakes occur at all plate margins (collision, destructive, conservative and constructive) |
al |
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Primary effects of earthquakes |
buildings destroyed/collapsed, roads destroyed, people injured or killed, water pipes damaged/contaminated |
results of earthquake that are immediate |
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Secondary effects of earthquakes |
(roads destroyed) First aid/emergency services cannot access people in need: more deaths, (water pipes damaged) shortage of clean water, dehydration,people drink contaminated water,may get cholera (water bourne disease): easier for disease to spread Country's economy is weakened, having to spend money that they do not have, unemployment |
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Immediate responses to earthquakes |
Call for help, dig people out, give people somewhere to sleep/shelter and temporary supplies of water, food electricity and gas |
call dig give shel temp sup of wat good elec gas |
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Longterm responses to earthquakes |
Rebuilding your house, fixing broken roads, set up initiatives to help the economy recover eg. promoting tourism, training people on what to do in the event of another earthquake (drills) |
rebuild, fix brok roa, initiatives for economy, drills |
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How much property was destroyed in TS Haiyan? |
90% of property destroyed |
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How many deaths were reported in TS Haiyan? |
6,340 deaths |
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What was the date of TS Haiyan? |
8th November 2013 |
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What is the average width of the eye of the storm? |
30 miles |
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Where do tropical storms occur globally? Explain why this is |
Tropical storms occur between 5• and 20• north and south of the equator because all the needed preconditions are found here |
5-20 n/s pre con found |
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Explain the formation of tropical storms |
-When the surface water temperature reaches 27•c due to solar heating, the warm air above the water quickly rises, causing an area of very low pressure -As the air rises quickly, more warm moist air is drawn upwards from above the ocean creating strong winds -The rising warm air spirals upwards and cools. The water vapour it carries condenses and forms cumulonimbus clouds -These cumulonimbus clouds form the eye wall of the storm |
-✅🌡 air ⬆️= low pres -air ⬆️🏃🏻♀️, + air drawn ⬆️=strong winds -air spi ⬆️ and coo wv cond=cum clo -cum clo=👁 wall |
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Predict how climate change may impact the frequency, distribution and intensity of TS in future |
-Climate change could lead to more locations being affected by tropical storms due to factors such as rising sea surface temperatures, higher sea levels and increasing wind speeds -Warmer seas could cause the source areas (the areas where the storms would form) to extend further north and south of the equator -Climate models predict that their intensity may increase |
3 factors -first factor: sou are ext fur -second factor: clim mod pre int |
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Why do people live in hazardous areas? |
Social: family ties, ignorance, fear of moving Economical: jobs in tourism, jobs in building construction (quake-proof) and poverty (cannot afford to move) Environmental: beauty of landscape, agriculture (fertile soil from pyroclastic material) and fossil fuels |
s-👨👩👧,ig,😰 ec-tou, ❌💰,👷♀️ ev-😍🏔,🦖⛽️,agr |
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Why do people live in hazardous areas? |
Social: family ties, ignorance, fear of moving Economical: jobs in tourism, jobs in building construction (quake-proof) and poverty (cannot afford to move) Environmental: beauty of landscape, agriculture (fertile soil from pyroclastic material) and fossil fuels |
s-👨👩👧,ig,😰 ec-tou, ❌💰,👷♀️ ev-😍🏔,🦖⛽️,agr |
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How can monitoring reduce tectonic hazard risks? |
Earthquakes-monitoring the release of radon gases, measuring foreshocks with seismometers and using laser beams... Volcanoes-using tilt-meters (tilt when magma rises), monitoring small earthquakes and rise in temperatures... can help us predict when an eruption or quake may occur |
quake-rel o rad gas, mea fore sh w/sei mom, las bea 🌋-tilt m (t when m 👆) , small qua + 👆in 🌡
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Why do people live in hazardous areas? |
Social: family ties, ignorance, fear of moving Economical: jobs in tourism, jobs in building construction (quake-proof) and poverty (cannot afford to move) Environmental: beauty of landscape, agriculture (fertile soil from pyroclastic material) and fossil fuels |
s-👨👩👧,ig,😰 ec-tou, ❌💰,👷♀️ ev-😍🏔,🦖⛽️,agr |
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How can monitoring reduce tectonic hazard risks? |
Earthquakes-monitoring the release of radon gases, measuring foreshocks with seismometers and using laser beams... Volcanoes-using tilt-meters (tilt when magma rises), monitoring small earthquakes and rise in temperatures... can help us predict when an eruption or quake may occur |
quake-rel o rad gas, mea fore sh w/sei mom, las bea 🌋-tilt m (t when m 👆) , small qua + 👆in 🌡
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How can predicting reduce tectonic hazard risks? |
quake-Predicting where the earthquake may be based on location of plate margins 🌋-The monitoring systems indicate an impending eruption. Warnings are given to allow evacuation |
q- where pl mar 🌋-mon sys ind when. warn |
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Why do people live in hazardous areas? |
Social: family ties, ignorance, fear of moving Economical: jobs in tourism, jobs in building construction (quake-proof) and poverty (cannot afford to move) Environmental: beauty of landscape, agriculture (fertile soil from pyroclastic material) and fossil fuels |
s-👨👩👧,ig,😰 ec-tou, ❌💰,👷♀️ ev-😍🏔,🦖⛽️,agr |
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How can monitoring reduce tectonic hazard risks? |
Earthquakes-monitoring the release of radon gases, measuring foreshocks with seismometers and using laser beams... Volcanoes-using tilt-meters (tilt when magma rises), monitoring small earthquakes and rise in temperatures... can help us predict when an eruption or quake may occur |
quake-rel o rad gas, mea fore sh w/sei mom, las bea 🌋-tilt m (t when m 👆) , small qua + 👆in 🌡
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How can predicting reduce tectonic hazard risks? |
quake-Predicting where the earthquake may be based on location of plate margins 🌋-The monitoring systems indicate an impending eruption. Warnings are given to allow evacuation |
q- where pl mar 🌋-mon sys ind when. warn |
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What are the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves? |
Constructive-under 1 meter, stronger swash, weak backwash, short wave length (8-10 wpm) Destructive-over 1 meter, stronger backwash, weak swash, long wave length (10-14 wpm) |
wave height, swash+backwash, wave length and frequency |
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Why do people live in hazardous areas? |
Social: family ties, ignorance, fear of moving Economical: jobs in tourism, jobs in building construction (quake-proof) and poverty (cannot afford to move) Environmental: beauty of landscape, agriculture (fertile soil from pyroclastic material) and fossil fuels |
s-👨👩👧,ig,😰 ec-tou, ❌💰,👷♀️ ev-😍🏔,🦖⛽️,agr |
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How can monitoring reduce tectonic hazard risks? |
Earthquakes-monitoring the release of radon gases, measuring foreshocks with seismometers and using laser beams... Volcanoes-using tilt-meters (tilt when magma rises), monitoring small earthquakes and rise in temperatures... can help us predict when an eruption or quake may occur |
quake-rel o rad gas, mea fore sh w/sei mom, las bea 🌋-tilt m (t when m 👆) , small qua + 👆in 🌡
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How can predicting reduce tectonic hazard risks? |
quake-Predicting where the earthquake may be based on location of plate margins 🌋-The monitoring systems indicate an impending eruption. Warnings are given to allow evacuation |
q- where pl mar 🌋-mon sys ind when. warn |
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What are the characteristics of constructive and destructive waves? |
Constructive-under 1 meter, stronger swash, weak backwash, short wave length (8-10 wpm) Destructive-over 1 meter, stronger backwash, weak swash, long wave length (10-14 wpm) |
wave height, swash+backwash, wave length and frequency |
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How do constructive and destructive waves impact the coastline? |
Constructive waves build beaches up while destructive waves destroy them |
👷♀️and 💣 |
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Explain how global atmospheric circulation helps to determine patterns of weather and climate |
Global atmospheric circulation creates winds across the planet and leads to areas of high rainfall, like the tropical rainforests, and areas of dry air, like deserts |
cre 💨 acr pla➡️a of h 🌧 and a of d 🌬
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Locate where tropical storms occur globally and explain why they occur there |
Tropical storms form between latitudes of 5• and 20• north of south of the equator, as this is where surface sea temperatures are at least 26.5•c (minimum temperature needed to start a TS) |
5-20 - where sea sur tem is rig |
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Locate where tropical storms occur globally and explain why they occur there |
Tropical storms form between latitudes of 5• and 20• north of south of the equator, as this is where surface sea temperatures are at least 26.5•c (minimum temperature needed to start a TS) |
5-20 - where sea sur tem is rig |
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Define hazard risk |
Hazard risk: the probability of people being affected by a hazard in a particular area |
prob o ppl bei aff |
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Compare Kaikoura earthquake and Kathmandu earthquake |
Nepal: 7.8 magnitude, 9,000 killed, land slides New Zealand: 7.5 magnitude, 2 killed, land slides |
Nepal vs New Zealand |
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Compare Kaikoura earthquake and Kathmandu earthquake |
Nepal: 7.8 magnitude, 9,000 killed, land slides New Zealand: 7.5 magnitude, 2 killed, land slides |
Nepal vs New Zealand |
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Assess the immediate and long term responses to Typhoon Haiyan |
Immediate responses: Nearly 1,600 evacuation centres set up, food and aid provided and psychologists were sent to help those left traumatised Long term responses: Water pipes and damaged health care facilities were rebuilt and red cross training for volunteers (to ensure better prepared) |
immediate: evac cen 🍔+🩹 mum help long term: 💦+🏥 re bui ⛑ trai 4 vol |
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Suggests ways in which tropical storms can be monitored and predicted |
-Satellite images can record the approaching TS -Warning centres can publish the risk of a TS with category number |
-sat ima: bitch coming -⚠️⛔️ pub ris o TS |
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Explain one primary effect and one secondary effect of a tropical storm on people (social) |
One primary effect is water pipes being damaged and destroyed, causing a shortage of water. Due to a lack of sanitary water, diseases like typhoid and cholera, which are water-bourne, spread easily, leading to more deaths. |
PIPES DESTROYED DIE |
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Explain how monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of a tropical storm. |
-These can reduce the effects of a tropical storm because they allow you to be trained on how to act and be ready in the event of a TS, mitigating the effects as precautions are being taken to reduce them. -(example and explain) |
-tra how act + be rea in eve o TS -mit eff as pre are bei tak to red -eg: satellite images recording approaching storm (monitoring and prediction), giv us tim to rep rat tha hav com un exp |
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Describe and explain types of weather hazards experienced in the UK |
-Droughts (caused by lack of rain) -Flash floods (caused by too much rain in a short period of time) -Strong winds and storms -Extreme heatwaves |
d,f,sws,🥵🌊 |
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Explain how monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of a tropical storm. |
-These can reduce the effects of a tropical storm because they allow you to be trained on how to act and be ready in the event of a TS, mitigating the effects as precautions are being taken to reduce them. -(example and explain) |
-tra how act + be rea in eve o TS -mit eff as pre are bei tak to red -eg: satellite images recording approaching storm (monitoring and prediction), giv us tim to rep rat tha hav com un exp |
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Describe and explain types of weather hazards experienced in the UK |
-Droughts (caused by lack of rain) -Flash floods (caused by too much rain in a short period of time) -Strong winds and storms -Extreme heatwaves |
d,f,sws,🥵🌊 |
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Name and locate a recent extreme weather event in the UK |
The UK Big Freeze in 2010, which occurred in Northern Ireland |
big 🥶,🇮🇪 |
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Explain how monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of a tropical storm. |
-These can reduce the effects of a tropical storm because they allow you to be trained on how to act and be ready in the event of a TS, mitigating the effects as precautions are being taken to reduce them. -(example and explain) |
-tra how act + be rea in eve o TS -mit eff as pre are bei tak to red -eg: satellite images recording approaching storm (monitoring and prediction), giv us tim to rep rat tha hav com un exp |
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Describe and explain types of weather hazards experienced in the UK |
-Droughts (caused by lack of rain) -Flash floods (caused by too much rain in a short period of time) -Strong winds and storms -Extreme heatwaves |
d,f,sws,🥵🌊 |
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Name and locate a recent extreme weather event in the UK |
The UK Big Freeze in 2010, which occurred in Northern Ireland |
big 🥶,🇮🇪 |
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Explain how monitoring, prediction, protection and planning can reduce the effects of a tropical storm. |
-These can reduce the effects of a tropical storm because they allow you to be trained on how to act and be ready in the event of a TS, mitigating the effects as precautions are being taken to reduce them. -(example and explain) |
-tra how act + be rea in eve o TS -mit eff as pre are bei tak to red -eg: satellite images recording approaching storm (monitoring and prediction), giv us tim to rep rat tha hav com un exp |
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Describe and explain types of weather hazards experienced in the UK |
-Droughts (caused by lack of rain) -Flash floods (caused by too much rain in a short period of time) -Strong winds and storms -Extreme heatwaves |
d,f,sws,🥵🌊 |
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Name and locate a recent extreme weather event in the UK |
The UK Big Freeze in 2010, which occurred in Northern Ireland |
big 🥶,🇮🇪 |
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Suggest how hard and soft management strategies can reduce risk of flooding |
Hard engineering (a non-natural management solution eg.levees) and soft engineering (a natural management method, more sustainable eg. planting vegetation, soaks up water) |
hard + soft def w/example 2nd one explained |
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Provide evidence that weather is becoming more extreme in the UK |
Flooding (an extreme weather event) is becoming more frequent in the UK |
floo |
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Define climate change |
Climate change: the long term alteration of temperature and typical weather patterns in a area |
lon alt o tem + typ wp in are |
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Explain how the climate has changed from the beginning of the Quaternary period to the present day |
-In the Quaternary period (which began 2.6 million years ago) there was prominent fluctuation in temperatures, which dropped as low as -9c during glacial periods to as high as 3c during interglacials -Present day’s GA temperatures are much more consistent and steady, averaging at 0c |
-Qua, 📈📉📈📉, ⬇️-9 gla, ⬆️3 int gla -Tod GA stea+con, av is 0 |
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Outline methods for examining past climate change |
-Ice cores (store greenhouse gases, provide direct info about how g gases concentrations have changed in past) -Tree rings (no. of tree rings tells us age of tree, width of tree rings gives us info on the climate of that year) -Sea bed sediments ( provide a high resolution record of past clim variation + volcanic ash layers) |
🧊 cor, sto g gas, inf on g gas conc chan in pas 🌴💍 no. + width 🌊🛌🪨 pro hig res rec o pas c var + 🌋 ash |
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Explain how natural factors have caused climate change |
-Orbital changes: earth has natural warming and cooling periods caused by variations in tilt of orbit of Earth around sun -Volcanic activity: during volcanic eruption, CO2 is released into atmosphere -Solar output: there can be fluctuations in amount of radiation from sun. If there is high amount emitted, there will be an increase in earth’s temperatures |
O(B)VS O: nat war + coo per cau b var in til o orb of ear aro s V: YOU SHOULD KNOW THIS S: can b fluc in amo o rad fro☀️ high emi=inc in tem |
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Explain how natural factors have caused climate change |
-Orbital changes: earth has natural warming and cooling periods caused by variations in tilt of orbit of Earth around sun -Volcanic activity: during volcanic eruption, CO2 is released into atmosphere -Solar output: there can be fluctuations in amount of radiation from sun. If there is high amount emitted, there will be an increase in earth’s temperatures |
O(B)VS O: nat war + coo per cau b var in til o orb of ear aro s V: YOU SHOULD KNOW THIS S: can b fluc in amo o rad fro☀️ high emi=inc in tem |
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Explain how human factors have caused climate change |
-Fossil fuel use: (eg. coal, gas and oil) these release CO2 into atmosphere -Agriculture: agriculture practices lead to release of nitrogen oxides into the atmosphere -Deforestation: trees being cut down means there are less trees absorbing co2 (during photosynthesis), leading to higher amounts of co2 in atmosphere |
FAD (fat ass dick) Fossil fuels: c,o,g rel co2 Agriculture: agr pra➡️rel o nit o oxi int atm Deforestation: no 🌴, co2 thri |
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Explain the effects of climate change on people |
-Crop decline could lead to malnutrition, hunger and higher food prices (more co2 in air leads to less nutritious crops) -More infectious disease from hotter days; more rain+higher humidity produces more ticks -Power outages in extreme weather could cripple hospitals + transportation systems -Impacts on water quality |
crop 📉-mal, hun, ⬆️🍔🏷 (more ... in the air, ⬇️ nut cro) + inf dis fro 🥵days; + 🌧 & 📈 hum pro + tic + pow out in ext wea cou crip 🏥+✈️,🚉 sys imp on 💦 qua
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Outline the impacts of climate change on the environment |
-Animals go extinct as they lose their habitats -Increased heat & wildfires, drought and insect outbreaks are all linked to climate change -Flooding and erosion in coastal areas |
-🐼💀 ❌🏠 - + 🥵 & wil🔥, dro, 🦗 out bre - 🌊 (next sub topic (coa ero)) |
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Outline the impacts of climate change on the environment |
-Animals go extinct as they lose their habitats -Increased heat & wildfires, drought and insect outbreaks are all linked to climate change -Flooding and erosion in coastal areas |
-🐼💀 ❌🏠 - + 🥵 & wil🔥, dro, 🦗 out bre - 🌊 (next sub topic (coa ero)) |
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Explain how climate change can be managed through mitigation |
-Alternative energy production (renewable eg. solar instead of fossil fuels) -Carbon capture (removing carbon from power stations and then storing underground to reduce amount of emissions in atmosphere) -Afforestation (planting trees, more trees to absorb co2, reducing emissions) -International agreements (signing contracts to globally commit to reducing carbon emissions) |
AÇAI A-alt ene pro C-car cap fro pow stat A-afo I-int agr |
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Explain how climate change can be managed through adaptation |
-Reducing risk from sea level rise: areas at risk may use sea defences to protect land from being eroded away -Agricultural system changes: farmers will have to adapt and grow crops more suited for the changing climate eg. Buffalo gourd,🍊,🍇 -Water supply management: water transfer schemes could be used to transfer water to areas experiencing shortage |
RAW R-red ris fro ris sea lev, sea def 2 sto lan bei er A-cha in agr sys,👨🌾 hav 2 gro cro mor sui eg. 🍊🍇 buf W-💦 sup man, 💦 tran sche |
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Explain how weathering shapes the coastline |
Chemical, biological and mechanical weathering loosens rocks and erodes rock that makes up the coastline away |
sci sub ero roc mak coa go awa |
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Explain how weathering shapes the coastline |
Chemical, biological and mechanical weathering loosens rocks and erodes rock that makes up the coastline away |
sci sub ero roc mak coa go awa |
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What is the difference between mitigation and adaptation? |
Mitigation: reducing risk of loss from the occurs of an extreme event/natural disaster Adaptation: adjusting or changing to become more suited to new conditions |
m: red ris a: adj to new con |
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Explain how longshore drift works and how it can shape the coastline |
-Prevailing wind blows constructive waves carrying sediment into the beach at an angle -The wave breaks on the shore and as the water runs back into the sea, it carries the sediment back down the beach, perpendicular to the angle of shoreline under influence of gravity -This results in a zigzag motion as sediment is transported along coastline |
PW 💨 con wav car int bea @ ang Wav bre on sho & as it run bac int sea, car sed bac dow bea, perp to ang of sho li, und inf grav res in zig-z mot as sed is tra alo coa |
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Explain why sediment is deposited in coastal areas |
Because deposition often occurs in sheltered areas of shallow water, little wind and with good supply of material, which beaches tend to have. |
dep hap in shel are o shal wat, lil 💨 + goo sup o mat |
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Explain how mass movement shapes the coastline |
Mass movement loosens rocks that compose the coastline by weathering moving down the slope under the influence of gravity |
mm loos roc tha comp c line by wea mov dow the slo und inf |
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Explain how mass movement shapes the coastline |
Mass movement loosens rocks that compose the coastline by weathering moving down the slope under the influence of gravity |
mm loos roc tha comp c line by wea mov dow the slo und inf |
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Explain how geological structure and rock type influence coastal forms |
-Geological structure and rock type determine whether headlands or bays are formed -Bands of softer rock like clay are less resistant and erode easily, resulting in bays -When softer rock is eroded inwards, the harder rock sticks out into the sea, forming headlands |
-det whe b or h for -how bays formed -how headlands formed |
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What are the 4 types of erosion |
1. Abrasion-rocks scrape against cliff (much like sandpaper) due to being thrown by waves 2. Attrition-pebbles collide+bang together, smoothening their jagged edges and making them round and smooth 3. Hydraulic action-sheer force of des waves pounding the base of cliffs, causing water and air to be forced through the cracks 4. Solution-minerals dissolved in water chemically react with rocks eg.limestone and chalk, eroding cliffs away |
ab- scratch+scrape due to bei thr by wav at- peb col: j to s hy- des wav pou bas, 💦+💨 for thr crac so-min dis chem rea w/roc eg... ero clif awa |
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Define fetch |
Fetch: distance the wave has travelled |
dis |
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Define fetch |
Fetch: distance the wave has travelled |
dis |
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What is prevailing wind? |
Prevailing wind: the general direction of wind (UK: South West) |
gen dir o win |
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Define fetch |
Fetch: distance the wave has travelled |
dis |
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What is prevailing wind? |
Prevailing wind: the general direction of wind (UK: South West) |
gen dir o win |
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Examine the characteristics and formation of wave-cut platforms and cliffs |
-Cliffs are shaped through erosion and weathering. Soft rock erodes quick and forms gentle sloping cliffs, hard rock is more resistant & forms steep cliffs -Wave-cut platform: wide, gently sloping surface found at the foot of the cliff, formed when the sea attacks base of cliff, a wave-cut notch (dent in cliff usually @ h tide) forms from the abrasion and hydraulic action and as the notch increases in size, cliff becomes unstable, collapses, leading to retreat of cliff face -Backwash carries away eroded material, leaving a wave-cut platform |
-cliff (bands of rock soft v hard + result) -wave cut platform-wid gen slo fla sur @ 🦶🏼 of cli -for wen sea att bas o cli, for wav cut not fro ero pro (hy+ab) -not inc, clif bec uns + col➡️ret o clif fac -bac o wav car awa erod mat, lea wav cut pla |
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Explain the characteristics and formation of caves, arches and stacks |
-Cracks in the headland are widened through h action and abrasion -As the waves continue to grind away at the crack, it begins to open up to form a cave -The cave becomes larger & eventually breaks through the headland to form an arch -Base of the arch gets wider through further erosion+weathering, until its roof becomes too heavy and collapses into sea, leaving a stack |
-crack in hea are wid thro hyd + ab -wav con 2 gri awa at cra, beg 2 ope up for cave -cave bec lar unt bre thr hea 2 for arch -bas o arc get wid (mor ero+wea) unt roo bec 2 hea + col int sea, lea stack |
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Examine the characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from deposition-beaches, spits and bars |
-Beaches are made up of eroded material transported & deposited by constructive waves (c waves build up beaches coz of strong sw +..) -Pebble beaches (steep slope), usually formed by higher energy waves, sandy beaches (gentle slope), usually formed by waves with less energy -Spits are formed when sediment is carried by LSD, & when there is change in shape of coastline, deposition occurs, a long thin ridge of material is deposited (a spit) -Spits sometimes grow across a bay & join 2 headlands together, this landform is known as a bar |
-🏝: mat is tran and dep by c wav -spit: LSD, change in sh o coa dep occ, lon thin rid o mat is dep, spit -spit som ti gro acr bay & joi 2 hea....lan for bar |
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Examine the characteristics and formation of landforms resulting from deposition-sand dunes |
-Onshore winds blow sand in land, created sand dunes, constantly moving them and changing their shape -Sand grains are bounced along by saltation |
-on shor win bl san in lan, crea san dun -san grain bou alo b salt |
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Identity Dorset’s major landforms of erosion and deposition |
Dorset’s coastline has many examples of erosional landforms: -headlands and bays -examples of caves, arches, stacks and stumps from Old Harry Rocks depositional landform: -bar at Chesil beach |
erosional: h+b old H c,a,s,s depositional: b @ ches |
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Costs and benefits of hard engineering (sea walls, rock armour, gabions and groynes)
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-hard engineering pros: (overall more effective+have long life span) sea walls particularly last longer, rock armour and near groynes creates habitats for marine life, groynes provide shelter for tourists cons: sea walls require regular maintenance, rock armour and groynes have short life spans, are overall expensive |
pros: overall (cost + efficiency), sw long in part, roc ar + ng cre hab 4 mar, g pro tou cons: overall (cost) sw req main, roc ar + g hav shor ls |
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Study an example of a coastal management scheme in the UK (Lyme Regis) 1. reasons for management |
To attempt to control natural processes such as erosion and longshore drift and protect land and property |
con nat pro + pro lan & peo |
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Study an example of a coastal management scheme in the UK (Lyme Regis) 1. reasons for management |
To attempt to control natural processes such as erosion and longshore drift and protect land and property |
con nat pro + pro lan & peo |
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Study an example of a coastal management scheme in the UK (Lymes Regis) 2. the management strategy |
-Building a sea wall and promenade -Replacing old wooden groynes with big stone groynes H -Sand and shingle replenishment (beach nourishment) S -Rock armour/rip rap added to the end of the Cobb harbour |
-rep gro -san + shin rep -rip + ra add 2 end of cob har |
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Study an example of a coastal management scheme in the UK (Lyme Regis) |
-Expensive for such a small community -Protection will only last for approximately 50 years |
💰💰, 5️⃣0️⃣🪦 |
