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18 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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PSI for the Autralian Big Dry |
• Occured in 2002 - 2009 • Driest period in 125 years • 40% - 60% less rainfall in 2006 • 23,000,000 population • Water bills increased by 20% in 2008 |
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Social consequences of Australian Big Dry |
• People in rural areas left due to a lack of water. This increased pressure on cities (urban areas) • Rural suicide rates increased |
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Economic consequences of Australian Big Dry |
• Farmers had to sell cattle • Food prices rose • Water bills increased by 20% in 2008 • Tourism was negatively affected • Agricultural production was severely affected • 10,000 people directly employed by the cotton industry were affected • The number of dairy farms reduced by more than 50% |
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Environmental consequences of Australian Big Dry |
• Loss of Vegetation • Grassland turned to scrubland • Energy from HEP was reduced leading to more pollution as Australia resorted to the use of fossil fuels • Water quality reduced as toxic algal outbreaks occurred in depleted rivers, dams and lakes |
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Causes of the Australian Big Dry |
• El Niño • Over population • Too much agriculture |
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PSI for the Boscastle flooding |
• August 2004 • 75mm of rain in 2 hours • 58 properties, 4 businesses, roads and bridges were destroyed/damaged • 7 helicopters • Around 100 people airlifted to safety • 50 cars washed out to sea • 90% of economy relies on tourism |
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Causes of the Boscastle flooding |
• 75mm of rain fell in 2 hours • Low pressure system • Lots of rain over previous weeks meant ground was wetter and couldn't infiltrate water • Located in a steep-sided valley close to the confluence of 3 rivers. Water ran very quickly into the river channels • Old bridge had a low arch, over a narrow river channel. Fallen trees etc formed a dam |
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Consequences of the Boscastle flooding |
• 58 properties, 4 businesses, roads and bridges were destroyed or damaged • Flooding was so sudden that people couldn't evacuate or move belongings • About 50 cars were washed out to sea • The flood caused the number of tourists to significantly drop • One person was seriously injured |
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Responses to the Boscastle flooding |
• Emergency services quickly responded to airlift around 100 people to safety • Residents/tourists flooded out of accommodation were invited into local accommodation and the town hall • Homes, businesses and roads were eventually rebuilt • Bridge was rebuilt with a higher arch, so debris is less likely to dam the river • A £10 million flood defence scheme introduced in 2008, included the widening and deepening of the river to improve flow |
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PSI for the E16 eruption |
• 12th April, second fissure ripped open • 15th April, glacier burst open • Cut through 200m of glacial ice • Constructive plate boundary • $2.8 billion lost in insurance costs and lost trade (Europe) • Kenya lost $3.5 million • Over 95,000 flights cancelled • Plumes of tephra rose 30,000ft |
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Causes of the E16 eruption |
• Increase in seismic activity • Earthquakes increasing and beginning shallower, showing that magma was rising • Ash caused by glacial ice • Constructive plate boundary |
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Consequences of the E16 eruption |
• Less demand for air fuel, led to an increase in petrol costs in UK and Europe • 20 farms destroyed • Health impacts, respiratory problems • Grounded flights stopped deliveries of food and medicines etc • Increased amount of tourists • Could trigger other eruptions • Disruption cost airlines $200 million per day |
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Responses to the E16 eruption |
• Sophisticated monitoring mechanisms throughout Iceland: satellite imagery, thermal cameras, seismometers etc • Well-trained National Emergency Agency to co-ordinate recovery and response tactics (replacing bridges etc) • Other nations had to respond independently, long-term responses could include volcano insurance for travel |
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PSI for North Norfolk |
• In the east of England • Borders Suffolk, Lincolnshire and Cambridgeshire • Coast runs for 70km |
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How human activity, including management, affects the geomorphic processes on the coast of North Norfolk |
• Villages sit on higher land to reduce flooding • At Stiffkey, area of salt marsh has developed to create a natural sea defence, they're low lying but build up as sea level rises • Groynes slow longshore drift • Sea walls, rip-rap barriers and gabions |
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PSI for the River Wye |
• 5th longest river in UK, at over 210km • Source in Plynlimon • Decends over 700m • Plynlimon rises nearly 2500ft high |
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Characteristics of the River Wye |
• Runs through V-shaped valleys at the upper course of the river, removed small pieces of sediment • Waterfalls (were removed) • Floodplain (below city of Hereford) • Meanders, can form ox-bow lakes |
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Management of the River Wye |
• 200,000 people live in the Valley, could increase flood risk • Around 9,000 properties at risk of flooding • Agriculture • Industry: tourism, transport, forestry, limestone quarrying |
