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159 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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what is political geography?
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the study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena in their areal expression
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what is a state?
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any of the political units forming a federal government (USA) OR an independent political unit holding sovereignty over a territory
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a state is synonymous with what?
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country/nation
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what is a nation?
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independent political unit holding sovereignty over a territory (member of the UN) OR community of people witha common culture and territory (Kurdish nation)
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the second definition of nation (community of people witha common culture and territory (Kurdish nation) is NOT synonymous with what?
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state or country
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what is a state on the international level?
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an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and haivng full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs
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what is a nation-state?
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refers to a state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people whose population shares a general sense of cohesion and adherence to a set of common values
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what is a binational or multinational state?
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one that contains more than one nation, no single ethnic group dominates the population
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what is a part nation state?
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a single nation may be dispersed across and be predominant in 2 or more states (Arab Nation)
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what is a stateless nation?
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people without a state (Kurds)
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what are challenges to the state?
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1. globalization of economies and the emergence of transnational corporations whose economic production decisions are unrelated to the interests of any single state, including the home state office
2. proliferation of international and supranational institutions initially concerned with financial or security matters but represent the voluntary surrender of some traditional state autonomy 3. emergence and multiplication of nongovernmental organizations whose interests and collective actions cut across national boundaries and unite people sharing common concerns about issues 4. massive international migration flows that undermine the state as a cultural community 5. increase in nationalist and separatist movements in culturally composite states, weakening through demands for independence or regional autonomy the formed unquestioned primacy of the state |
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what is a compact state?
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roughly circular, shortest possible borders to defend (Poland, Uraguay)
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what are prorupt states?
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nearly compact btu possess one or sometimes 2 narrow extensions of territory. may reflect penninsular elongations of land area (Thailand)
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what are fragmented states?
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composed entirely of islands, countries that are partly on islands and partly on mainland (Italy and Malaysia), and those that are chiefly on mainland but whose territory is separated by another state (US)
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what is an exclave?
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located within another state, state within a state
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what is absolute location?
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the exact position of an object or place stated in spatial coordinates of a grid system designed for locational purposes
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what is relative location?
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the position of a place or an activity in relation to other places or activities
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what is an enclave?
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a territory that is surrounded by but is not part of a state
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what are landlocked states?
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lacking ocean frontage and surrounded by other states, at a geographic disadvantage
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what is a core area?
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the original nucleus, a state uslaly contains its densest population and largest cities, most highly developed transportation system and the most developed economic base
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where are core bases?
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Paris basin of France, London and southeastern England
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where is the capital city?
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within the core area
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what is the primate city?
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the largest city, sometimes capital, dominating the structure of the entire country
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what are unitary states?
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countries with highly centralized governments, relatively few internal cultural contrasts, a strong sense of national identity and borders that are cultural and political
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what are federal states?
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associations of more or less equal provinces or states with strong regional governmental responsibilities
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what is regional government/asymmetric federalism?
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new form of state organization, emerging in Europe, strong unitary states acknoweldge the autonomy aspirations of their several subdividions and grant to them the varying degrees of local administrative control
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what is the forward-thrust capital city?
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relocated capital that has been deliberately sited in a states frontier zone to signal the governments awareness of regions away from the core and its interest in encouraging more uniform development
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what are internal boundaries?
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worlds states are separated by their neighbors, lines that establish the limit of each states jurisdiction and authority
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what do boundaries indicate?
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where the soverignty of one state ends and another begins
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what are frontier zones?
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ill-defined and fluctuating areas marking the effective end of a states authorities
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what are natural/physical boundaries?
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recognizable features that are physiographic; mountains, rivers, lakes. attractive borders but dont exist in the landscape and are visible dividing elements, do NOT effectively separate states
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as the term is used by geographers and other social scientists, "nation" in contrast to a state is
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a cultural concept implying a group of people occupying a particular territory and unified by shared beliefs
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switzerland is an example of a
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multinational state
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the establishment of political boundaries in Africa by European powers during the 19th century
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resulted in distinctive cultural groups being divided among different states
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the palestinian arabs are an example of
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a stateless nation
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according to the law of sea convention, within its exclusive economic zone, a state
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will have exclusive rights to fish and to extract minerals
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the decentralization of political control is known as
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devolution
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Antarctica is...
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a region in which seven countries claim soverignty over portions of it
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before 1988, the Soviet Union
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was an example of a multinational state
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the organization of countries that has taken the most extensive measures toward European unity is the
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European Union
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USA is not a member of
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NAFTA and the EU
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what is an example of a soverign state?
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UK
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the law of the sea convention contains provisions..
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freedom of the high seas, recognition of the deep sea bed and its resources as the common heritage of mankind, a 12-nautical mile limit for territorial waters over which states can exercise sovereignty and 200-nautical mile exclusive economic zones
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the european union...
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includes 27 countries, contains countries whose economies complement one another via trade, had several forerunners-eariler organizations that helped develop it toward its current status & has established a free-trade zone over much of central and western europe
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what helps promote unity and national stability?
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armed forces, schools and a state church with voluntary membership
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Under 366(b), a utility may alter, refuse, or discontinue service if
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neither T nor D, within 20 days after filing, furnishes adequate assurance of payment.
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What are ethnic or religious groups that are major political factors in the named country/region?
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Israel: Palestinian Arabs and Jews, Iraq: Shiite, Shiah, Sunni, Kurds,
former Yugoslavia: Croats and Serbs |
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What is associated with Israel?
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Golden Heights, Palestinian Arabs, West Bank, Judiasm
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True or false, the USSR, also called the Soviet Union, no longer exists
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true
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True or false, Russia is a member of the EU
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true
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True or false, gerrymandering is a term associated with the diffusion of political beliefs and named after Gerry Mander, a University of Texas geography professor
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false
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True or false, irredentism refers to the desire of a state to gain or regain territory inhabited by people who have historic or cultural links to the country
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true
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True or false, the dominant religion in Northern Ireland is Protestantism
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true
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True or false, Bosnia and Herzegovina are one of the most ethically diverse of the former Yugoslav republics
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true
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True or false, the terms "Russia" and "USSR" are synonymous, they are both names for the same country
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false
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True or false, China (PRC) and Taiwan (ROC) have re-united into a single state
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false
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True or false, for the great majority of human history people were fed by hunting and gathering rather than agriculture
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true
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True or false, New Jersey is named the "Garden State" beacuse of intensive "truck farming" within it
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true
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True or false, most textile production is a capital and technology rather than labor-intensive economic activity
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false
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True or false, the location of beverage production tends to be very market oriented
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true
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True or false, the location of beverage production tends to be very market oriented
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true
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What is a well known example of a federal (sovereign) state?
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USA
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What is the complete name for the "UN" and explain it
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United Nations, the place where all different nations meet to try to discuss agreements and treaties
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What two major nations life in Palestine?
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Arabs and Jews
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What transport mode is the slowest but generally the cheapest?
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boat/ship
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What transport mode is generally the fastest over long distances but also the most expensive?
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airplane
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According to the von Thunen model, one of the most important determinants of the pattern of agricultural production is the
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distance between the market and the production site
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The Green Revolution...
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increases output through use of some combination of high-yielding crop varieties, water control projects, altered management practices, and greater use of chemical fertilizers
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What does cultivation do/why is it used?
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to maintain soil fertility, farmers rotate fields
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The totality of physical facilities and public services existing at a place are known as that locale's
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infrastructure
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what is the defining characteristic of subsistence agriculture?
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production for immediate household needs
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What does economies of agglomeration refer to?
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geographic clustering of firms to take advantage of shared infrastructure, services and skilled workers
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At the end of the 20th century, "services"
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represented over 60% of gross global product
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The locations of manufacturing industries engaged in bulk weight reduction operations are
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raw material oriented
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In Weber's least-cost theory of industrial location, the major factor in the location of industry is
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transportation costs
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The supply curve indicates that as the price of a good increases
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more of it will likely be produced and be offered for sale
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What is the most accurate to describe the US economy?
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capitalist economy
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In general, the more economically advanced a society is in 2010, the more its total output will be most concentrated in
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services
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Three categories of economic activities included in the quarternary sector of the economy include
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information processing, research + management
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A principal land use over large areas of Asia and Africa where the climate is too dry to produce crops is
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nomadic herding
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A maquiladora is a Mexican
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factory located near the US border
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Services and manufacturing activities, respectively, have been outsourced from developed world TNCs to these 2 countries
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India and China
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What is intensive subsistence agriculture?
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has spread to marginal lands as population pressure has increased, involves product diversification with grain, vegetables and animals (farm economy), requires large inputs of labor, small pots, and high reliance on fertilizers
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What is agriculture in market economic systems?
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the crop or livestock mix selected by commercial farmers reflects assessment of production and marketing costs and market demands and prices, characterized by specialization, profit and interdependence, involves intensive land use near markets and extensive land use at more distant locations
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What are primary sector activities?
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aquaculture, mining, agriculture and forestry
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What are manufacturing activities that are near the market for producing its final products?
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newspaper printing, soft drink and beer bottling, automobile assembly
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Where are concentrated major manufacturing activities within the region?
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Eastern Anglo America, Central and Western Europe, East ASia, Northenmost Mexico
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What is associated with production of raw materials?
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Their location can impact location of manufacturing activities, prices for them have grown more slowly than prices for manufactured goods and services, prices for them often can change dramatically over short periods of time, a serious problem for countries dependent on raw material exports
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What is important in highly developed regions of developed countries?
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soft drinks, beer, high technology products and steel minimills
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What is important in developing countries?
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Political ties and trade agreements with developed countries, availability of raw materials, availability of low cost labor
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What is the U.S. southeast like?
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relatively low cost of living
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What region is the least important to US agriculture?
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New England
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What is the Green Revolution?
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development of flood control and irrigation systems, introduction of chemical fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides, development of new varieties of seeds, increased inequity between the poorest and most prosperous farmers in the developing world
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What are the 3 "crucial grains"?
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corn, wheat and rice
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As the term is used by geographers and other social scientists, "nation" in contrast to a state is
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a cultural concept implying a groupp of people occupying a particular territory and unified by shared beliefs
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What is Switzerland an example of?
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a multinational state
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The establishment of political boundaries in Africa by European imperial powers during the 19th century
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resulted in distinctive cultural groups being divided among different states
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The Palestinian Arabs are an example of what?
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a stateless nation
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According to the Law of Sea Convention, within its exclusive economic zone, a state
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will have exclusive rights to fish and extract materials
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The decentralization of political control is know as what?
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devolution
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Antarctica is what?
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a region in which seven countries claim sovereignty over portions of it
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Before 1988, the Soviet Union
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was an example of a multinational state
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The organization of countries that has taken the most extensive measures toward European unity is the
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European union
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What is the US not a member of?
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the UN
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What is an example of a sovereign state?
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UK
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The Law of Sea Convention contains provisions for...
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freedom of the high seas, recognition of the deep seabed and its resources as the "common heritage of mankind, a 12 nautical mile limit for territorial waters over which states can exercise sovereignty, a 200 nautical mile exclusive economic zones"
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The European Union...
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contains 27 countries, contains countries whose economies complement one another via trade, had several forerunners-earlier organizations that helped it develop toward its current status, established a free-trade zone over much of central and western Europe
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What promotes unity and national stablility?
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schools, a state church with voluntary membership. armed forces
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True r false, the number of independent states worldwide is shrinking with globalization.
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false
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True or false, the location of electoral district boundaries can be influenced by gerrymandering and can influence the outcome of elections.
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true
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What are the territorial-administrative components of the UK?
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Wales, England, Northern Ireland, Scotland
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From which region is a terrorist leader who mordered the recent subway bombings in Moscow
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Chechnya
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What is true about Hartford?
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relatively high in Connecticut's hierarchy of cities but has a much lower status within the world hierarchy of cities, CBD, land use pattern that conforms reasonably well with all major urban land use models
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Where is the world's tallest building?
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Dubai in the United Arab Emirates
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What are consequences of general acceptance of the Law of the Sea Convention?
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- Islands have become more significant because of their impacts on boundaries at sea
- Some countries have new boundaries (at sea) with neighboring states - The EEZ lines result in overlapping claims and disputes |
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What are Sovereign states?
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USA, Cuba, Ireland, Canada, Serbia, Israel, Russia and Chile
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What are not sovereign states?
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England and Puerto Rico
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What is part of the UK?
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Republic of Ireland, Northern Ireland, Wales, Scotland
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What is not part of the UK?
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England
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What is associated with Israel?
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Golan Heights, Palestinian Arabs, West Bank, Judiasm
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What is not associated with Israel?
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Kurds
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Describe agriculture in the developing world
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labor intensive, substience oriented, in some places positively impacted by the Green Revolution, relatively low labor productivity
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What is the Green Revolution?
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genetically improved seeds that produce better crops, water control projects, increased use of chemical fertilizers
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Which is a sovereign state/country?
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Belgium
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What is associated with cartography?
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GIS, contour lines, GPS
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What are important properties of maps?
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scale, momentum, direction, area/equivalence
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What is true about small scale maps?
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- small scale maps give a better general idea of the relative location of major features over a large area than do large scale maps
- small scale maps show significantly less detial of specific places than do large scale maps - small scale maps typically smooth out generalize such features as coastlines and rivers in comparison to large scale maps |
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What is on topographic maps?
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air pressure variation, elevation contours, cultural features
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If leaders in a region want it to be well tied into global society and economy, they do not want
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a good relative location
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Where are there clusters of the world population?
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Northeastern USA, southwest Asia, East Asia, Europe
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What is the demographic transition model?
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birth rates exceed death rates in stage three, natural population growth is highest when levels of development are highest, birth and death rates are relatively high in stage one, birth rates decline more slowly than death rates in stage two
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What is associated with population density?
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boundaries of formal regions, agricul
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what are patterns?
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the way things are distributed
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what is spatial interaction?
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the way movements occur, movement of people and ideas across the planet
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what is natural landscape
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physical attributes
natural environment climate, soil, water supplies, mineral sources helps shape but does not dictate how people live |
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what is absolute location?
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precise and accepted system of corrdinates, mathematical location
latitude and longitude other grid systems |
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what is relative location?
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location in relation to resources, more important to study because you know what markets are around it, etc
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what is site?
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physical and cultural characteristics of a place
absolute location concept Cape Town, NYC |
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what is situation?
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external relations of a place
relative location |
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what is latitude?
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North or South of the equator
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what is longitude?
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East or West, Greenwich Meridian/Prime Meridian
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what is spatial interaction?
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movement between places
movement of people or goods through services and information, the movement of something through space associated with people |
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what is spatial diffusion?
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dispersion from a center of origin to more distant points
ex= spread of disease |
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what is accessibility?
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relative easy in which a destination can be reached
minutes of travel - 5 minutes to go 2 or 3 miles |
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what is connectivity?
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all the ways places are connected
looking at how people are connected or not connected through time and space |
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what is globalization?
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increasing interconnection of all parts of the world
globally connected through a greater extent than any other time in history |
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what is absolute distance?
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distance between 2 spaces, miles or km
time space convergence horsedrawn carriages, steam ships, propeller aircraft, jets |
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what is relative distance?
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transforms linear measurements into other units more meaningful for the space relationship in question
money, time, psychological |
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what is a formal region?
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uniform, simple terms, uniformity in one or a limited combination of physical or cultural features
Ex = New England |
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what is a perceptual region?
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vernacular/popular regions
exist in the perceptions of their inhabitants and the general society reflect feelings and images than data ex = south, midwest, old west |
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what is a functional region?
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nodal region, a spatial system with interdependent parts that operate as an organizational unit
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what is elevation?
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above or below to mean sea level
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crude density/arithmetic density
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most common/least satisfying expression of the human distribution
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physiological density
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an expression of population pressure exerted on agricultural land
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agricultural density
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excludes city populations from the physiological density calculationa nd reports the number of rural residents per unit of agriculturally productive land
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overpopulation
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overcrowding, an environment cannot adequately support its present population
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