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26 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What does neo-colonialism mean? |
The dominance of people country’s by rich country’s, not by direct political power (as in colonialism) but by economic power and cultural influence |
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Causes of global inequalities- physical environment |
TOPOGRAPHY- mountainous areas are hard to reach and therefore don’t attract trade LANDLOCKED- access to the sea encourages trade, so therefore no access does not attract it. RURAL ISOLATION- countries with rural isolation do not attract TNCs as small population CLIMATE AND CLIMATE CHANGE- tropical areas have grown slowly due to climate related issues (like storms) and diseases POLLUTION- water supply’s in LICs can become contaminated as cause poor health and disease not encourage investment |
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Causes of global inequalities- history |
COLONIALISM- European powers exploited their colonies for economic gain, which caused local economics to be disturbed and they received little benefit NEO-COLONIALISM- when poor countries are controlled by rich countries, the rich c can exploit poor c goods and take profits for its self, developing rich c not poor c |
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Causes of global inequalities- political and economic polices |
OPEN ECONOMY- trade with lots of countries CLOSED ECONOMY- where no imports or exports is allowed, so won’t get investment to fund infrastructure |
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Causes of global inequalities- trade |
TERMS OF TRADE- when a country exports less than it imports, this means it spends less than it earns PRIMARY PRODUCTS- a reason for poor terms of trade is that many LICs export raw materials that are not worth as much PRICE FLUCTUATIONS- a country only producing one good and the price fell, the economy would crash as they would get a smaller amount for the the same quantity INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS- HICs sometimes import raw materials as they have less/no taxes or tariffs. This means that the LIC gets less money |
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Causes of global inequalities- social investment |
EDUCATION- countries that have prioritised investing in education have a developed at a faster rate as a well educated population attracts investors ,as they have a skilled workforce, and therefore encourages development HEALTHCARE- same with education, a healthy population attracts investors and therefore development |
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Rostows model |
1) traditional society- subsistence economy based in farming 2) Pre take of stage-technology and transport systems developed to encourage trade. Capital investment from HICs 3) take off stage- industry increases rapidly to airports, rail, roads built, major cities emerge 4) Drive to maturity- growth spreads to all ports of the country, the number and types of industry increase. Complex transport systems, rapid urbanisation, traditional industries decline 5) High mass consumption- rapid expansion of tertiary employment, decline in manufacturing. Life expectancy, healthcare and education is for all |
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What is the modernisation theory and criticisms of it? |
A theory used to explain the process of modernisation within societies. Largely based on the view that to develop means to become modern by adopting western cultures and social institutions. It is suggested that undeveloped societies subscribe to value systems and institutions that hinder the development process CRITICISMS: - implies traditional values have little or no value - ignores the social and economic problems -western encouragement has led to human- rights abuses - ignores external barriers to development |
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What is the dependency theory, and what are the criticisms of it? |
Is the idea that the world has a core and a periphery, it proposes that ressources flow between from a ‘periphery’ of poor and underdeveloped states to a ‘core’ of wealthy states, enriching that later at the expense of the former CRITICISMS: - colonialism did bring positive benefits to LDCS -LDCS that were never colonialists experience severe problems as they lack the infrastructure provided to neighbouring colonies - MEDCs that never had colonies, have actually performed economically better |
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Development in Vietnam |
Since 1980, lots of industrial growth ECONOMICALLY- money has been invested into factories/ this adds value to goods/ could have gained more from industry however as 40% of GDP comes from industry but only 22% work in industry SOCIALLY- workers move from rural to urban areas for jobs/ as manufactured goods are worth more than raw materials, urban wages are larger than rural |
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Development in Malawi |
-Hasn’t received FDI because: -is landlocked, exporting/importing goods is expensive -rural isolation do not a large workforce (85% live rurally) - very little technology so would be expensive to get machinery in factories and communicate around the world -water keeps stopping, so there isn’t enough to manufacture -lots of corruption, this doesn’t attract a lot of FDI |
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How to measure development |
Gross domestic product per capita: value of goods and services produced by a country within a year $us human development index: calculated using life expectancy, literacy, length of schooling and GDP per capita PPP. CPI- corruption perception index: grades from 0= highly corrupt, to 100= very clean |
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Characteristics of top down stratergies |
-it occurs when decisions about development are made by governments or large companies, so is large scale and expensive. -it’s aims are to identify a large areas needs or opportunities and improve that. -normally uses a lot of technology. -local people are told but have no say in what happens. -benefits countries with a larger population affected more |
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Example of top-down development (benefits and problems) |
Sardar Sarovar dam -Economic benefit: irrigates 1.8 million hectares of farmland creating larger income for crops -Economic problems: farmland upstream has been flooded, creating loss of farmland and income from it. -Social benefits: provided drinking water and electricity -social problems: 234 villages and religious and historic sites were flooded -Environmental benefits: provides renewable energy -Environmental problems: weight from dam can trigger earthquakes which can cause massive loss of life |
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What are the characteristics of bottom- up development? |
-usually run by NGOs -often works with communities to identify their needs, offer people assistance and let them to control their lives -is small scale -works with countries with a small population being affected and corrupt governments, as does not involve government |
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Example of bottom up development |
Biogas in villages Social impacts: -heat is instant so cooking is quicker/ there is no ash so less time cleaning, this means more time a school. -biogas is also used to provide light and pump drinking water/ no smoke so less lung infections/ when cow dung is fed into the digester, microorganisms that cause disease are destroyed Economic impacts: -created 200,000 jobs in rural areas Environmental impacts: -farmers can now get 3 crops of vegetables a year using pumped water/ cattle are now kept in a family compound, marking dung collection easier. Previously, cattle would graze in local forest, eating saplings and preventing trees regenerating. |
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Advantages and disadvantages of different approaches to development |
-NGOs, good is government is corrupt/ focuses on using local materials, labour and expertise to use in low-tech solutions to solve problems -IGOs( Inter-government organisation), good if fixing a problem that affects a large population, uses large infrastructure and investment by TNCs |
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India’s site, situation and connectivity of the country and its significance |
-In the Indian Ocean, surrounded by Pakistan, Nepal, Bangladesh,Myanmar/Burma -Is a member of the G-20, the BRICs, and lots of countries are anxious to establish good trading relationships |
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The key economic trends scince 1990s |
Average age of first marriage has increased from 18.7 to 20.2- although not very much, for India this is a huge improvement as it means women can have a better education and could possibly mean they spend more of their time in higher education than previously -the average years in school has also dramatically risen from 2.4 to 12, which is great -still need to improve amount of doctors as this will decrease deaths from childbirth, still born, age and disease |
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Winners and losers of globalisation |
WINNERS: - India’s middle class is growing, good salaries and employment opportunities in cities create great benefits/ - economic liberalisation in 1991 allowed TNCs to locate in India, bringing lots of benefits across the caste system LOSERS: -TNCs take advantage of low pay in India, many clothing companies don’t even pay India’s minimum wage/ -poverty is widespread so no shortage of people willing to work 100 hours a week in a factory/ -most textiles jobs are unskilled with no equal pay agreement/ -many sweatshops discriminate against older women returning to work after raising children |
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How has rapid economic change contributed to demographic change |
-transport technology and communications has increased due to FDI and attracting TNCs -western culture has ment that women are marrying later -a better education has ment that people are more educated, causing fertility rates to decrease. People have had a better education as it means they can work in tertiary jobs -economic change has also brought urbanisation and an increase in slum population |
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Positive and negative impacts of economic development and globalisation on different age groups and gender groups |
Has had both negative and positive affects on young population- good as age in schooling has increased as now people are becoming educated so they can fill the higher paid tertiary jobs/- however members of the family moving to cities for work due to subsistance farming has ment that children have left school to take their place working the land, causing them to have little education Has had positive effect on females as literacy rates for women has increased, and age of marriage has also increased, this means that more women are getting a higher education which gives them more options later in life for jobs, giving them a better life. |
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What are the impacts of economic development and globalisation on the environment at a variety of scales? |
There is lots of air pollution and water pollution due to manufacturing, this causes an increase in diseases caused by pollution. Pollution in rivers and coastal sea also negatively affects the fishing industry in India. Air pollution is also so severe that the yields of crops are being cut in half However the government is now looking towards developing renewable energy in a large scale to reduce greenhouse emissions. |
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How has rapid development changed the geopolitical influence of India? |
Is now a member of G-20/ it’s foreign exchange reserves has grown massively/ has good trade relations However: the government still needs to place more emphasis on solving India’s internal problems as opposed to internal issues/ to attract investment the government charges low tax, meaning there isn’t much money to spend on public services. |
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Why is Maharashtra a success? |
-is a large state in India’s central western region -it’s economic wealth is mainly urban, so people migrate to cities for work and spend money on houses and services, which creates more jobs, this causes the multiplier effect -Maharashtra’s wealth comes from -service industries (eg banking) -manufacturing (eg clothes or steel) |
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Why does Bihar remain on the periphery? |
-it is one of the northern stares and has many subsistant farmers trapped in the cycle of poverty (86% are rural) -is landlocked so transport is expensive- does not attract FDI -education is low, only 2% complete years 12-13- which does not attract tech TNCs -women are poorest, with few owning land and 33% literate so they work as low wage labourers. |
