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33 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Waves

Wind causes friction at surface of the sea


Energy from the wind causes the water to move forward in a circular motion




Top = Crest


Bottom = Trough

Fetch

The distance the wind can travel uninterrupted

Swash

Pushes material up on the beach

Longshore Drift

Waves travel towards the beach at an angle, driven by the prevailing wind


Backwash runs out at a 90 degree angle - following gravity's pull


In this way, material is transported along the coastline

Longshore Drift Diagram

Constructive waves

Deposition helps build beaches


Strong swash, weak backwash


Low waves


Common in Summer

Destructive waves

Erosion destroys beaches


Weak swash, strong backwash


High, frequent waves


Common in Winter

Biological weathering

Caused by living organisms


Eg: trees and burrowing animals

Chemical weathering

Involves a chemical change taking place


Only affects certain rocks (such as limestone)


Eg: Acid rain

Mechanical weathering

Usually occurs due to the atmosphere, but does not involve chemical change


Eg: Freeze - thaw

Freeze - thaw

Day: Water collects in cracks in the rock


Night: Water freezes and expands. This causes the cracks to grow


Day: Rock breaks off and collects as scree at the bottom




Process repeats

Mass movement

The downhill movement of material under the influence of gravity


Eg: Rockfall, Mudflow, Landslide, Rotational slip

Rockfall

Fragments of rock break away from the cliff face


Often caused by freeze - thaw

Landslide

Blocks of rock slide downhill

Mudflow

Saturated soil and weak rock flows down a slope


Often near a river or stream


Lack of vegetation

Rotational slip / landslip

Slump of saturated soil and weak rock along a curved surface

Beaches

Formed in sheltered environments - such as bays


Swash is stronger than backwash


Deposition occurs





Spits

Created by Longshore Drift


Deposits material


May create a hook, if the direction of the wind changes


Cannot connect 2 pieces of land, as a river flows past, washing away material


Salt marshes are formed behind



Bars

Formed like a Spit


No river to break through


Connects 2 pieces of land


A lagoon is formed behind

Tombolo

Formed like a spit


No river the break through


Connects an island to the main land

Spits - Spurn head (Holderness coast)


CASE STUDY

A spit


A Site of Special Scientific Interest


Home for rare birds (Merlin) and plants (Sea rocket)





Bars - Slapton Ley (South Devon)


CASE STUDY

Natural Nature Reserve


An SSSI


Home to Eels and Badgers

Cliff recession

Similar to a waterfall


Mainly chalk, limestone or clay cliffs




1. Waves attack the base of a cliff


2. Mention types of erosion


3. Over time the cliff will be undercut


4. A cut notch / platform will be created (an overhang)


5. It breaks off and collects as scree

Headlands and Bays

Hard Rock --- Soft Rock --- Hard rock
Erosion of softer rock
More resistant rock left behind
Headland = Harder rock
Bay = Softer rock

Hard Rock --- Soft Rock --- Hard rock


Erosion of softer rock


More resistant rock left behind


Headland = Harder rock


Bay = Softer rock

Caves, Arches, Stacks and Stumps

A fault in a Headland


Waves and freeze - thaw cause erosion


Erode partially through = Cave


Erodes through fully = Arch


Top of arch collapses = Stack


Stack falls over due to erosion at base = Stump

Hard engineering

>>Sea wall = Curved concrete wall. Reflects sea's power


>Adv:


Effective


Used as a walkway


>Dis:
Blocks view


Expensive to build and maintain


>>Rip Rap = Large boulders at foot of cliff. Forces wave to break, reduces erosion


>Adv:


Fairly cheap to maintain


Create interesting coat


>Dis:


Expensive to transport


Don't fit with local geology


>>Groynes = Stop Longshore Drift. Trap sediment


>Adv:


Bigger beaches = more tourism


Not too expensive


>Dis:


Unnatural and unattractive


Starve other beaches of material

Soft engineering

>>Beach nourishment = Adding material to build up beaches.


>Adv:


Usually local material


Cheap, easy to maintain


>Dis:


Needs constant maintenance


>>Dune regeneration = Grass planted to help hold sand into place


>Adv:


Looks natural


Cheap


Environmentally friendly


>Dis:


Takes time for grass to grow


Damaged by walkers


>>Marsh creation = Areas flooded. Creates salt marsh, acts as a barrier


>Adv:


Cheap


Creates habitats


>Dis:


Land can't be used for anything else


Landowners have to be paid for loss of land

Salt marshes

Formed behind a spit

Formed behind a spit





What causes rising sea levels

Melting ice on land -- Not icebergs


Global warming - seas warm up, causing water to swell and expand. Larger volume

Social factors affected by rising sea levels

Houses destroyed - flooding


Fresh water contaminated



Economic factors affected by rising sea levels

Loss of tourism


Airports at sea level (no imports)


Disruption of fishing industry


Costly sea defense

Environmentalfactors affected by rising sea levels

Destroy habitats


Loss of top soil - Plants / crops not able to grow


Loss of beaches - higher flooding

Politicalfactors affected by rising sea levels

Ask for aid to build defenses


Reduction of green houses gases


Buy land to evacuate residents at risk