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100 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Meridians
Also known as longitude
(2) Means of Direction
1) Degree Headings (90=east)
2) Compas Headings N S E W
Azimuth
Degrees around the horizon
Zenith
point overhead
Sextant
Used to determine latitude
Sextant
Used to determine latitude
Zenith
point overhead
Azimuth
Degrees around the horizon
(2) Means of direction
1) degree headings (90=east)
2) Compas headings N S E W
Meridians
Also known as longitude
Arc
Line segments across a curved surface
Degrees, Minutes, Seconds
1 degree= 60min=3600 seconds of arc
Nautical mile
6080 Feet
Statute Mile
5,280 Feet
Acre
43,560 Feet
Intervening Opportunity
Substitution of one destination over another
Time-Space Convergence
We treat mileage as a function of time or distance vs. Time
State
First order of civil division. Examples: U.S, Mexico, Brazil, India, Australia
(5) Things That a State Requires
1) Land Territory
2) Permanent Resident Population
3) Government
4) Organized Economy
5) Circulation System
Sovereignty
Having power over a group of people in an area when the laws are coming from an outside area
Nation
Similar peoples, language, ethics, etc.
Nation-State
A nation with a state wrapped around it. It is a nation with its own state
Irredentism
The desire to incorporate within the State all areas that had once been part of the State
Secession
Occurs when people and their territory withdraw from a State to become independent
(3) Stateless Nations
Jurds, Palestinians, Basques
Nation
Similar peoples, language, ethics, etc.
Nation-State
A nation with a state wrapped around it. It is a nation with its own state
Irredentism
The desire to incorporate within the State all areas that had once been part of the State
Secession
Occurs when people and their territory withdraw from a State to become independent
(3) Stateless Nations
Jurds, Palestinians, Basques
Nation
Similar peoples, language, ethics, etc.
Nation-State
A nation with a state wrapped around it. It is a nation with its own state
Irredentism
The desire to incorporate within the State all areas that had once been part of the State
Secession
Occurs when people and their territory withdraw from a State to become independent
(3) Stateless Nations
Jurds, Palestinians, Basques
Devolution
Process in which a region receives greater autonomy (local rule) from the central government
Clans
Made up of about 60 people . Life revolved around the supply of the water hole
Tribes
Similar to a clan but...
The tribal leader is more powerful, Laws are personally given, Territorial limits are even more jealously guarded
Empire
Rule of many regions or peoples by one supreme ruling group
Theocracy
Rule by religious elites
Aztecs
Founded that agricultural productivity and technology (including irrigation tactics) was high
Inca
More stable and less violently militaristic than the Aztecs
Greeks
Created the foundation for European civilization
Feudalism
Revolved around a hierarchy of ruling classes who distributed land to subordinates in return for various rents and services
Mercantilism
Revolved around the notion that wealth was measured by he accumulation of large quantities of gold and silver
Environmental Determinism
Concept that one or another element of physical environment determines the level of civilization that a society contain
Centrifugal Forces
Forces that tend to break a State apart
Centripetal Forces
Forces that tend to bind States together
Raison d'etre
Piece written by Richard Hartshorne about the reasons for a State existing
Possibilism
Theory that the environment sets certain constraints or limitations, but culture is otherwise determined by social conditions
(8) Deutsch Growth of Nations
1) The shift to exchange economies from subsistence agriculture
2) Appearance of core areas
3) Growth of towns
4) Development of basic communication grids
5) Concentration of capital
6) Growth of individual self-awareness and group interests
7) Awakening of ethnic awareness
8) Merging of this ethnic awareness with
Balkanization
When one State disintegrates into a number of mutually hostile States
(6) Ways to Acquire a Territory
1) Occupation
2) Prescription
3) Conquest and Annexation
4) Voluntary Cession
5) Accretion
6) Acquisition of Rights
Occupation
Acquisition of territory through discovery of occupying
Prescription
Acquisition of territory simply by being there with no objection to the owner
Conquest and Annexation
Acquisition of a territory by forcefully taking it and going through the legal process of annexing it
Voluntary Cession
Acquisition of a territory by a simple agreement
Accretion
Acquisition of a territory through natural processes. For example a shift in the bed of a river. (Thalweg)
Acquisition of Rights
Acquisition of land through one country leasing land to another country. (Servitude)
(5) Shapes of Nations
1) Elongated
2) Prorupt
3) Perforated
4) Compact
5) Fragmented
Exclave
Territory belonging to one State that is embedded within another State
Enclave
Territory that is effectively surrounded by the territory of a larger State
Frontiers
A Politicgeographical area lying beyond the integrated region of the political unit and into which expansion could take place
(4) Steps to Boundary Making
1) Definition
2) Delimitation
3) Demarcation
4) Administration
Definition of Boundary
The first stage of Boundary making and it outlines the physical boundaries of the State of Nation
Delimitation
Second Stage of Boundary Making and is the period of time between boundary dispute and the settling of the dispute through cartographers
Demarcation
Third step to Boundary Making and is simply marking the territory with something like a fence of some sort
Administration
Fourth and final step to Boundary Making and refers to the procedure for maintaining the boundary markers
Riparian
Area between land and a river. Has relation to boundary disputes because it could change over time
Pioneer
When a boundary is drawn through unoccupied territory
Antecedent
When a boundary is set before any occupied use
Subsequent
When a boundary is set during the process of when a cultural landscape is emerging
Superimposed
Boundary that is imposed on an existing cultural pattern
Relict
Boundary that is no longer functional nor exists
Definitional
A problem with a boundary during the definition stage because the boundary could change over time (Like a boundary set by a river)
Locational
A problem with a boundary during the Demarcation or Delimitation of a boundary process
(2) Boundary Disputes
1) Definitional
2) Locational
Operational Boundary Dispute
Arguments over how a boundary should function
Allocational Boundary Dispute
When both sides are unable to agree on the division of resources within a border region
Core Areas
Areas of dense population in a country (Example: Ireland's core are is Dublin)
Ecumene
Refers to the core area of a territory that is vital to the economy
Permanent Capitals
Capitals that have been the capital for a long time
Introduced Capitals
Replacing of old capitals to perform new functions
Divided Capitals
Two rival cities share functions of government
Forward Capitals
When a strategic position is used for potential enemies
(2) Types of Unitary States
1) Centralized
2) Highly Centralized
Centralized Unitary State
Where unity (one) is sustained on a normal level and is achieved though elements of culture and tradition
Highly Centralized States
Where unity (one) is sustained through omnipotent control
Decentralization
The process of allowing decision making closer to the people
Federal State
A State that does not create unity out of diversity; rather it enables the two to coexist
Regional State
Refers to the State that is somewhere in between a Unitary State and a Federal State
Unitary State
A State that is united and is one
Apartheid
Period of racial separation
Bantustans
Government that attempted to be created but were reincorporate into South Africa is 1994
Non-Governmental Organization (NGO)
When the organization is neither a state nor an intergovernmental organization
Insurgent States
Potential States that are in limbo. Typically are organizations seeking to overthrow a government or to secede within a State
Binational States
Territory that is administered by two States, with neither of them having exclusive sovereignty
(5) Reasons for Eroding of a State
1) The global economy
2) Cultural globalism
3) Spread of democracy
4) Science and technology
5) Devolution of internal power
Compacts
A type of agreement that forms States
Edge City
Saves bigger cities from getting overcrowded