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69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Total Fertility Rate (TFR)
Pg. 164 |
Average number of children a woman will have over the course of her childbearing years
more refined/satisfactory than crude birth rate |
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Replacement level fertility
Pg. 163 |
Level of fertility at which each successive generation of women produces exactly enough children to ensure that the same number of women survive to have offspring themselves
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Infant mortality rate
Pg. 167 |
Annual # of deaths in children ≤ 1 year old/1000 live births
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maternal mortality rate (MMR)
Pg. 170 |
annual number of female deaths/100,000 live births
from any cause related to or aggravated by pregnancy or its management |
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Reasons for decreased death rate
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1) Antibiotics, vaccinations, pesticides to treat and control disease
2) Increased attention to sanitation facilities and safe water 3) improved foodstuff storage and distribution |
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Population Pyramid
Pg. 171 |
Graphic device that represents a populations age and sex composition
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High Birth Rate
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Rate > 30
Characteristic of agricultural and rural countries where a high % of female pop. is young |
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Low Birth Rate
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Rate < 18
Industrialized and urban countries |
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Rapid Growth Pyramid Profile
Pg. 171 |
Broad base of youth with progressively narrowing apex
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Slow Growth Pyramid Profile
Pg. 171 |
Pop. divided nearly evenly through male and female
Vertical sides Developed and wealthy countries |
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Declining Growth Pyramid Profile
Pg. 171 |
Similar to slow growth profile
Imbalance between older male/female pop. due to different life expectancies Considered decline because marked decline in youth |
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Disrupted Growth Pyramid Profile
Pg. 171 |
Specific age groups are depleted
Ex: War depleted youth Contributes to disparity between male and female pop. |
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Dependency Ratio
Pg. 171 Slide 37,38 |
measure of the number of economic dependents, old or young, that each 100 people in the productive years must support.
Pre-productive age: 0-14 reproductive: 15-65 post-reproductive: 65+ calculation: [ (#P0-14 + #P65+)/#P15-64 ] x 100 |
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Planning for future & interpretation: Broad base
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1. need for increased food production or more homes and schools
2. need for planning more job opportunities for the young in future 3. need to implement family planning programs |
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Planning for future & interpretation: Narrow base
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1. need to work out incentive to encourage more births
2. need to hire foreign workers or expand immigration policies 3. need to provide proper medical services and health care for elderly |
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Rate of natural increase
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birth rate - death rate , expressed as percentage
ex: BR: 50births/1000 persons DR: 30 births/1000 persons RNI= (50-30)/1000 = 20/1000 = 2% |
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Total Increase vs. Natural
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Natural does not include migration, total does include migration counts ( in and out )
the difference can be important in countries experiencing significant migration |
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Doubling time: rule 72
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DT: time it takes for a population to double if current growth rate remains constant
Rule 27: used to calculate doubling time. rule number divided by the rate = approx. years for doubling |
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Demographic transitions: Stage 1
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High birth and death rates = stationary stage
(epidemics, contagious diseases "Age of pestilence") HBR: Manual Labor - kids constituted a work force social desire for larger families high infant mortality rates HDR: Poor medical facilities poor sanitation and water supply unreliable food supplies wars, famines, infectious diseases |
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Demographic transitions: Stage 2
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High birth rates and declining death rates
"early expansion"- population increases rapidly HBR: no changes in social and cultural norms DDR: improvements in medical care improvements in sanitation, water supply, food.. |
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Demographic transitions: Stage 3
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Declining birth rates and low death rates
"Late Expansion" - population growth begins to slow DBR: increased urbanization / modernization which caused: woman in work force, smaller families, advances in contraception methods. |
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Demographic transitions: Stage 4
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Low birth and death rates
"low stationary" - natural increase in population LBR: due to changing roles of woman - education, working, career minded instead of family oriented |
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Demographic transitions: Stage 5
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Death Rates exceed birth rates
extension from fourth to fifth stage has been limited to rich industrialized countries ( Japan, Germany, Eastern Europe) consequences: increased pension cost, labor shortage, elderly care, closure of schools and universities due to low enrollment |
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Nation
Pg. 276 |
Group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity from shared beliefs and culture
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State
Pg. 275 |
Independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs
Vary from very small to large size Small more likely to homegenize |
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Nation-State
Pg. 276 |
Sovereign state inhabited by a homogeneous group of people who share a felling on common nationality
Iceland, Slovenia, Poland, Korea's |
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Multi-Nation state
Pg. 276 |
Contains more than one nation
Often, no single ethnic group dominates the pop. |
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Part-Nation State
Pg. 276 |
Single nation dispersed across and prominent in 2 or mores states
Peoples sense of nationality exceeds the areal limits of a single state Ex: The arab nation |
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Stateless Nation
Pg. 276 |
A people without a state
Ex: Kurds |
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State Shapes
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Elongated - long and narrow
Compact - roughly circular Fragmented - composed of islands Prorupt - nearly compact but have extensions (Thailand) Perforated - completely sorrounds an area it doesnt rule |
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Core
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Main center of industry, commerce, pop. and political life with a diffusion gradient from the center
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Capital
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Usually in the core and primate city
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Primate City
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Country's leading city and is usually larger and functionally more complex
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Unitary states
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Countries with highly centralized governments, homogeneous culture, and a strong national identity
Capital usually associated with core |
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Antecedent Boundaries
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Established before the area is well populated
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Subsequent boundaries
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Boundaries established after the area has been settled
1) Consequent - Drawn to accommodate existing cultural differences 2) Superimposed- Ignore existing cultural patterns |
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Relic Boundaries
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Boundaries that no longer function as a divide
Ex: Berlin wall |
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Landlocked States as a source of conflict
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Have to import and export goods by land and requires cooperative agreements with neighboring states
Potential Troubles: Restctions: customs formalities, Tolls, High fees and storage costs placed by state, lack of control over transport |
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Water body boundaries as a source of conflict
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Requires agreements as to where the boundaries should lie
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Minority Group identification as a source of conflict
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Is people of one state claim and seek to obtain a territory whose population is historically or ethnically related to that of the state but is under foreign rule
Irredentism- The desire of a state to gain or regain territory inhabited by people who have historic of cultural links to a country |
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Resource dispute as a source of conflict
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Neighboring states are likely to covet the resources lying in border areas and to disagree over their use
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Centripetal Forces
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Bing together the poeple of a state to strengthen political system and integrate groups through iconography (Symbols in politics)
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Centrifugal forces
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Destabilize and weaken a state
Religion-can compete for state allegiance Nationalism- Sub nationalism is a feeling of allegiance to ones traditional group or nation rather than the state Regionalism- Minority group identifies with a particular region of a state rather than state as a whole |
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separatist movements
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Troubled regions tend to be peripheral often isolated in rural pockets with feelings of alienation exclusion and neglect and have this in common:
Territory Nationality Peripheral location Social and economic inequality |
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Gerrymandering
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Unfairly favors one party over another
Fragment voting blocs Achieve other nondemocratic objectives |
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Supranationalism
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An association of three of more states created for mutual benefit
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EU Criteria
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Stable governance
Protect human rights Functioning market economy Civil service capable or enforcing EU rules |
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EU advantages
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Large market comparable to the U.S
Single currency Power in negotiating world trade and peacekeeping agreements |
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EU disadvantages
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Individual countries lose a minor amount of control over important sovereign matters
Some states carry more costs than benefits |
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Supranationalism concluding points
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Unions tend to be mostly between contiguous states with common borders
Formulation of one alliance often stimulates counter alliances Countries don't have to be similar |
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origins of city
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existence of settled community
Concentration of people Groups not directly engaged in agriculture Existence and governance of an elite group |
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Factors of emergence in urban areas
Pg. 361 |
agricultural surplus
social organization/power Granaries, school, temples etc. Defensible location Development of a more complex economy |
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City/Town
Pg. 362 |
Multifunctional nucleated settlment including:
Estalibished central business district Residential land use Non-residential land use Smaller and lex complex than cities |
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Suburb
Pg. 362 |
Subsidiary area specialized segment of a large urban complex
They can be predominantly or exclsively residential, commercial, or industrial |
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Central City
Pg. 362 |
Part of the urban area contrained within the suburban ring
Central cities usually have an official border |
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Urbanized Area
Pg. 362 |
Continuously built-up landscape defined by building and population densities with no reference to political boundaries
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Metropolitan area
Pg. 362 |
Large-scale functional entity
discontinuously built up Can contain multiple urbanized areas |
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Site of a city
Pg. 363 |
Exact location of a settlement
Can be described in terms of longitude/latitude and physical characteristics of a site |
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Situation
Pg. 363 |
Relative location
Places a settlement in relation to the physical and cultural characteristics of a surrounding areas |
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Economic Base
Pg. 364 |
Activities people do to support the urban pop. including health care, managing stores, education etc.
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Basic sector (economic base)
Pg. 364 |
activities of people that bring in money from outside the community
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Non-basic sector (economic base)
Pg. 364 |
Not bringing new money (from outside the community) into the community, only for internal functioning
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Multiplier effect of economic growth
Pg. 365 |
As cities add basic sector employment, it acquires people filling both basic and non-basic sector positions
Ex: In cities with 1 million workers, ratio of nonbasic to basic workers is 2:1 |
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Patterns of land use variables
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Accessibility
Competitive market in land Transportation technologies available during urban growth |
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Central business district (CBD)
Pg. 370 |
Highest accessibility thus most desirable
Characterized mass transit, central railroads, high land values, high density utilization Located at the convergence of central roads/rails Scarce commodity |
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Outside CBD
Pg. 371 |
Land Value decline
Pop. density pattern of most central cities shows a distance decay arrangement from peak land value intersection |
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Concentric zone model
Pg. 371 |
Circular model 1-5 = center to outside
1) CBD 2) zone of transistors 3) Zone of independent workers 4) Zone of better residences 5) Commuter zone |
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Sector Model
Pg. 372 |
Activities expand outward in a wedge
Best housing found in a corridor extending from downtown to outer edge Industry and retail develop along good transportation lines |
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Multi nuclei model
Pg. 372 |
Complex area with many nodes
CBD is less important 1) CBD 2) wholesale 3) Low class residential 4) Medium class residential 5) High class residential 6) Heavy manufacturing 7) Outlying business district 8) Residential suburb 9)industrial suburb |