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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How and why has climate changed since the last ice age? |
General upward trend in temp natural cycles and later on industrialisation |
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Natural Causes of climate change |
Solar output Orbit Geometry and tilt surface coverage and reflection tectonic and volcanic activity |
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human causes |
changes in atmospheric gas due to industrialisation fossil fuels deforestation and higher population |
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methane sources |
wetlands rice paddies industry landfill burning vegetation bowels of animals |
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How much have methane levels risen by per year? Why? |
1.5%- increase in fossil fuel usage and mining, rising global temperature (causes higher gas output by bacteria in wetlands), increase in rice production due to increase in population, increase in cattle and sheep farming (same reason) |
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three negative effects of climate change |
Crop yield patterns- countries close to the equator have reducing crop growing seasons and decreasing yield. Rising sea levels- 3.3mm a year. cities such as london and new york are at risk. pacific islands flooding Retreating glaciers- almost all are melting, 90% in antarctica |
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global scale responses to clmate change (international and NGO) |
Rio de Janeiro earth summit- led to Kyoto protocol- countries agreed to cut emissions by 5.2% globally NGOs such as Greenpeace focus on reduction of fossil fuel usage- they pressure governments to make policy changes |
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Local scale responses (schools, councils, local interest groups) |
Livesimply- Catholic Church encouraging students to reduce their impact School SUSTAIN committee- solar panels, push taps, recycling Manchester is my Planet- pledge campaign to reduce individuals' footprints. Green badge parking- people with low carbon cars can apply for a discount on public car parks |
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Definition of sustainable development |
development which meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future generations to meet their own needs |
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UN Brundtland report focuses (three) |
the conservation and enhancement of the environment by the development of tech social equality through allowing countries to meet their needs sustainably economic growth for all |
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UK's sustainability foci (four) |
climate change and energy (reducing GHG emissions and preparing for the irreversable effects of climate change Natural resources (the limits of natural resources that sustain life eg water, to increase efficiency) sustainable communities (public places) Sustainable consumption and production |
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Asda/Wal-Mart- reduction in recyclable waste |
used to fill 4 skips with packaging (polythene and shrink wrap), now bale it to recycle |
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Nokia- phone recycling |
44% of phones not recycled nokia offers trade in service, could save 240,000 tonnes of raw materials |
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General Electric- reduction in water usage |
pledge to reduce water consumption by 20% (7.4 million cubic metres of water- 3000 olympic pools) |
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power generation- coal power stations |
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how much power do they provide worldwide |
38%, in china and india its 50% |
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how to decrease CO2 emissions |
increase efficiency (from 36 to 40% causes a 25% drop in CO2) scrubbers can remove 98% of emissions from waste gases |
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how to reduce SO2 |
most have systems to reduce SO2 emissions by 60%, but when scrubbers are fitted this rises to a 95% reduction in gases released- not so common in LICs |
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How to decrease nitrous oxides |
most power stations have systems that remove ~70% |
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Transport management in urban areas- number of vehicles in Delhi |
5 million (in 2008) |
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how to manage traffic? (two ways) |
build more roads- decreases congestion but can increase pollution Reduce traffic- wide range of schemes |
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Congestion charging- name three cities with the scheme |
Oslo, Stockholm, london |
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How much has londons congestion charge reduced traffic |
21%- 65,000 fewer car journeys a day |
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how much has bus travel increased in london after the congestion charge was introduced |
29,000 during morning rush hour |
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how much has cycling increased since the congestion charge was introduced? |
12% |
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how much has the congestion charge decreased pollution levels in london |
12% (nitrous oxides and particulates) |
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How much has Durham's congestion charge reduced traffic |
85% |
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How many towns and cities offer park and ride schemes in the UK |
87 |
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Where are the car parks located for the cambridge park and ride scheme |
next to the m11, close to the a14. this gives good access |
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how many spaces are available |
45000, they are secure and well equipped |
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how much does it cost |
£2.20 a day |
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other sustainable transport schemes (name 6) |
car sharing is encouraged (could reduce pollution by 10%) Cycle and walking paths in urban areas (milton keynes has the most in the uk) road lanes that only allow cars with multiple passengers pedestrianised bits that allow buses and trams road lanes with bus priority restricted parking |
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how much forest is cut down a year by the Carajas iron ore mining project? |
6100km2 |
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how much waste is created a day by the Freeport mining co. in Indonesia? |
285,000 tonnes- dumped into local river |
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what are effects of oil extraction in rainforest areas (named example) |
Ecuador- high levels of stomach cancer and miscarriages due to pollution of water and food supplies. plants used for medicine are now endangered |
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how are indigenous peoples affected by illegal logging |
Baka pygmies employed to show loggers where the best trees are so they ruin their own environment unintentionally. no protective clothing is worn in the sawmills so workers breathe in toxic chemicals |
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How is ecotourism used as a management scheme in Costa Rica |
zip wires and trails through the forest have been created- this encourages spending to preserve the rainforest as a tourist attraction. Pharma company Merck is allowed to search the forest for medicinal plants |
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How have the ecuadorian peoples been compensated by oil companies? |
Companes like Texaco have paid $40million to clean up waste left behind. some companies have laid underground pipelines to reduce impact and provided schools for local tribes. $60 million has been invested in environmental protection by the companies |
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How has bolivia raised money for its environmental protection? |
The government sold carbon credits from the 1.5 million hectare Noel Kempff national park. this is a UNESCO heritage site since 2000. the money went to supporting communities so they do not deforest for farming or for logging companies |
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What has the malaysian government done to promote environmental protection? |
Plans were rejected to build a coal power station on Borneo as it would've affected endangered species. resources in the area such as gold aren't exploited |
