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53 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
what refers to the vertical elecation differences in the landscape.
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relief
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what are the three general categories of relief
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low, med, high
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what describes the undulating surface of the earth.
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topography
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what is drawn on topographic maps to show ground elevations (reliefs)
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contour lines
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what order of relief is the large continental platforms and ocean basins.
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first order of relief
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what order of relief is the large continental platforms and ocean basins.
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first order of relief
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what are masses of crust located aboe or near sea level and include continental shelves beneath the ocean
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continental platforms
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what are areas entirely below the sea
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ocean basins
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what order of relief has continental features such as continetnal masses, mountain masses, plains, and lowlands; ocean features such as continental rises, slopes, abyssal plains, mid-ocean ridges, subamarine canyons, and subduction trenches
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2nd order of relief
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what order of relief refers to local features or landscapes (eg indiviual valleys, mountains, cliffs, and other distinct local features)
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3rd order of relief
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what describes the distribution of earth's surfaces above and velow the sea by area and elevation
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hypsometry
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what topographic regions is: local relief less than 325 ft, slopes gently into sea on coastlines, plains rise continuosly inland up to 2,000 ft elevation; only on 4 continents
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plains
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what topographic region is:
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elevations over 5,000 ft with local relief less than 1,000 ft, except where cut by canyons
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what topographic region is: local relief more than 325 ft but less than 2,000 ft; near edge of sea may be less than 200 ft
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hills
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what topographic region is: elevation less than 5,000 ft with local relief less than 325 ft; does not usually reach the sea, but if it does, a bluff less than 200 ft high marks the boundary
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low tablelands
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what topographic region is: local relif greater than 2,000 ft, exists on each continent
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mountain ranges
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what topographic region is: discontinuous and stanidng in isolation with intervening areas of local relief less than 500 ft
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widely-spaces mountains
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what topographic region is: discontinuous, stands in isolation from intervening areas of local relief less than 500 ft
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depressions
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3 categories of of continental crust formation
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1. new crust formed in assoc. w/volcanic eruptions
2. accretion of materials that build up around the continental cores 3. tectonic mountains and landforms, produced by active folding and faulting |
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what is a very old and relativley unchanged body of rock
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a craton
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where a continental core is exposed at the surface is called a....
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continental shield
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what are portions of cratons that are covered by layers of sedimentary rock and which remain relatively stable over time
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platforms
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what are massive chunks of continental crust that become attached to Earth's plates.
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terranes
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what form by accumulation of fragements of oceanic crust form the ocean floor or volcanic island chains forced against adeges of continental shields and platforms
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terranes
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what are terranes that are carried from a particular origin to a new location by tectonic movement. they have different histories from the continent they are attached to.
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displaced terranes
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what are the 3 stresses that act on rocks w/in the lithosphere and are caused by tectonic forces, gravity, and the weight of overlying rocks and cause the earht's crust to deform
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tension = stretching
compression = shortening shear = tearing and twisting |
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what refers to how rocks respond to tectonic forces
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strain
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what is bending of rock formations
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folding
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what is breaking of rock formations
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faulting
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2 structural features of folds are
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anitcline and a syncline
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along the ridge of a fold, layers slp[e downward away from the axis of the ridge, forming an.....
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anticline
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persisitent compressional forces can push folds far enough to cause them to overturn and create an.....
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overturned anticline
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the trough of a fold is.....looking sort of like a valley in cross sectionk, where the layers slope downward toward the axis if the fold along the bottom of the trough
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syncline
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what refers to the displacement of rocks on 2 sides of a fracture
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faulting
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what causes an earthquake
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when the crust breaks, the fault line shifts and suddenly releases energy called an earthquake
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the rock units on each side of a fault line are called
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blocks
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3 types of faults
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normal, reverse,strike-skip
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what fault is this: occurs where vlocks are pulled apart, and blocks move in vertically with one block sliding up (footwall block) and one block sliding down (hanging wall)
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normal fault
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what fault is this: occurs where blocks are subjected to compressional forces and forces one block to slide up along the fault plane rahter than dropping down
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reverse fault
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what fault is this: occurs where movement salong the fault plane is primarily horizontal this is similar to the motion that produces a transform fault
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strike-skip fault
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what does orogensis mean
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"birth of the mountains"
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what is a mountain-building episode that thickens continental crust over millions of years
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orogeny
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what is the last stage of the orogenic cycle
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uplift
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vibrations from earthquakes are transmitted as...... through the lithosphere and through Earth's interior.
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seismic waves
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what instrument detects seismic waves
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seismograph
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which wave is the first wave transmitted and propagated by an earthquake.
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P-wave
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what wave is the wave of earth movements sometime after th p=wave.
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s-wave
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which wave travel fastest in earth's lithosphere during and immediately following an earthquake
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p wave
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what wave actually move particles within the substance or matter they pass through and cause the lateral or vertical ground movements that we feel as earthquakes
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s wave
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what are the 3 different scales for the strength of an earhtquake
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intensity, richter, and moment-magnitude
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which earthquake scale is more descriptive - used to classfy quakes according to damage top terrain and structures due to earth movments
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intensity scale
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which quake scale is the common modern scaled based on the size of seismic waves recorded by a seismograph
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richter scale
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which quake scale is an open-ended, log scale on which each whole number on the scale reps a 10x increase in the size of the wave.
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magnitude
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