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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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How did Greeks know the Earth was round? (3)
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Lunar eclipses
Clouds on horizon North star |
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Border regions of tropics (defines)
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Tropic of Cancer in the NH (23.27 N)
Tropic of Capricorn in the SH (23.27 S) |
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Summer solstice
Winter Solstice Equinox |
Sun is directly over the tropic of Cancer
Sun directly over the tropic of Capricorn Sun directly over the equator |
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Tropic regions
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Neotropics (Mesoamerica, Carribean, South America)
Paleotropics (Africa, Indea, Southeast Asia) |
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Types of Islands (3) and examples each
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Continental-Sea level rise separates it from mainland (Indonesia, Java, Florida Keys)
Pangean-land breaks off from continent (Madagascar, New Caledonia) Oceanic-never connected to mainland, volcanic (Hawaii), coral-plates push up limestone (Bahamas, Tahiti) |
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Pleistocene
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Alternating glacier period to an interglacial period
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Low pressure
High pressure ITCZ |
WET-poles and tropics,
intertropical convergence zone (ITCZ), warm air rises/condenses/falls, hurricanes DRY-temperate zones |
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Oceans importance and attributes (3)
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Major stabilizers of the atmosphere
Emits/absorbs heat more slowly than land) Salt gradients (poles/tropics=low, temperate=high) |
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Cold water currents
Warm water currents |
Cold, green due to upwelling/productivity (California current, water down coast)
Warm, blue (Gulf stream, water up from tropics) |
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Beaches formed by: (4)
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-Sediments from rivers (85%)
-Wave action -Sediment blown from land -Biological beaches (living things that died) |
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Types of sand: (4)
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Brown=granite
Black=volcanic basalt White=algae, dead coral, mollusks Pink=aquatic worms |
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Swells
Rip currents Longshore currents |
When waves escape the influence of wind
When water moves strongly perp. to the beach Water moves parallel to the beach |
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Coral reefs can be likened to a...
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Tropical rain forest
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Types of reefs (3)
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Fringe reef (near shore)
Patch reef (in a lagoon) Barrier reef (outside reef) |
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Development of reefs (4 stages)
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Young island with fringe reefs
Old island with fringe and barrier reefs Land erodes and forms an atoll Land completely erodes and forms a seamount |
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Where do reefs occur (4)
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30 degrees North to 30 degrees South
64-84 degrees F Clear water Shallow water |
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Top 5 countries with greatest length of reef
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Phillipines
Indonesia Fiji Federated States of Micronesia Vanuatu |
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Highest diversity of corals, next highest
Highest endemism |
IndoPacific, Caribbean
Hawaii |
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What is a coral?
What does it have a symbiotic relationship with, what does each get? |
Plant and animal
Polyp gets oxygen and nutrients from zooxanthellae, zooxanthellae gets carbon dioxide and ammonia(fertilizer) from polyp |
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KPCOFGS
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Kingdom
Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species |
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Phylum Cnidaria means...
Class under it...(3) |
Stinger
Jellyfish, hydrozoas (fire corals), anthazoa (corals and anenomes) |
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Anthazoa (2)
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Soft corals (fans)- 8 tentacles, day time
Hard corals- 6 tentacles, night time |
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Genera of corals (7)
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Acropora-staghorn or elkhorn
Fungia-mushroom Platgyra-brain coral Turbinaria-looks like turbins Millepora-fire coral, red Favia-huge circular polyps Subergorgia-soft coral, fans |
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Why conserve corals? (3)
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Buffers land from storm surges
Food and subsistence Tourism |
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Status globally of coral reefs
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1/10 destroyed
1/3 degraded in 50 years, 3/4 degraded |
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Damage (4)
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Coral bleaching due to temp increase
Sediment runoff, not clear water Fishing (dynamite, cyanide) Tourism-damage by people |
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Flora (3)
How much biomass on a reef is from plants? |
Diatoms-single cell plants
Algae-lack true leaves/stems/roots Sea grasses-flowering plant that recolonized in water (breathes air), savannah, soft substrates 75% |
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Types of algae (2)
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Brown=sargasson (floats on top of water column)
Green=Halimeda |
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Where do seagrasses occur?
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Shallow water
Clear water Soft bottom |
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Sponge characteristics (4)
Phylum |
Least complex multicellular animal
Relationship with blue-green algae Filter feeder 10,000 species of sponges Porifera |
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Worms (phylums and examples)
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Phylum platyhelminthes (tapeworms/liverflukes)
Phylum annelids (christmas tree, featherduster) |
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Mollusk characteristics (4)
Phylum |
Mantle (muscle mass)
Shell Foot (attach) Radula (long tongue) Mollusca |
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Types of mollusks (4)
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Chitons
Gastropods (sea slug/nudibranches) Bivalves (clams/oysters) Cephalopods (squid, octopus, intelligent, human-like eye) |
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Phylum Anthropods
Class (and examples) Fun fact |
Insects
Crustaceans (shrimp, crabs, hermit crabs) Worlds largest phylum |
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Crustacean characteristics (5)
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Calcium carbonate shell
Molting Decopods (10 feet) Symbiotic relationships Change sex |
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Sea star phylum
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Echinodermata
"Spines" "skin" |
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Four classes of echinoderms
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Starfish
Brittle Star Sea urchin Sea cucumber |
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Star fish characteristics (3)
brittle star (1) Feather star (describe) Sea urchins (2) Sea cucumbers (1) |
Radial symmetry with 5 arms, slow, regeneration
Flexible Feathers Sand dollars, diadema Super toxic |
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Phylum chordata
Describe, 2 attributes Ancestor of what, what evidence |
Vertebrate
Sea squirt (backbone, gills) Ancestor of humans, fossil and DNA evidence |
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Fish diversity-Number of fish species in world reefs
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7000
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3 classes of chordata, describe and example
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Agnatha-jawless (lampry)
Chondrichthyes-cartiliginous (sharks, rays) Osteichthyes-bony fish (21000 species) |
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Angelfish
Butterfly fish |
Large/flat, eat invertebrates
Small/flat version of angelfish, stripes/spots |
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Groupers, Basslets, Anthias
Surgeon fish Cardinal fish |
Unhappy looking, round, leopard spots
Flat, scalpel used for defense Red, nocturnal |
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Parrot fish
Wrasse |
Beak, big
Smaller parrot fish, colorful, lips rather than beak |
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Damsel fish
Blennies Gobies |
Geribaldi, dull in color except clownfish, sergeant major-stripes
Small, continuous fin, cigar shaped Small, not continuous fin |
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Sea turtle kingdom, phylum, and class
How long unchanged? |
Animalia, chordata, reptilia
150 million years |
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Life history of sea turtle (5)
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Climbs onto a beach during new moon
Digs hole Lays eggs (about 120) Leaves the nesting site (80ish hatch) Omnivores |
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5 species of turtle, descriptions
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Green turtle (smooth shell, small)
Hawksbill (has a hawksbill, sharp features) Loggerhead (flat face) Olive Ridgley Leatherback (6 ft tall, over 250 lbs) |
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Threats to sea turtles (4)
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Fishing nets (fix: TED turtle exclusion device)
Loss of beaches (turtles lay eggs where they were born) Lights from buildings (trying to find water, get run over) Trash (trash bag looks like jellyfish) |
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4 species of manatee
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Dugongs
West Indian Manatee West Africa Amazon Manatee |
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3 threats to manatees
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Habitat destruction (removal of sea grasses)
Boating (fix: cage around propeller) Hunted |
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Melanesia
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Dark skin
Diverse (1/5 of all languages from Melanesia) Indonesia, New Guinea, New Caledonia, Solomon Islands, Fiji, Vanuatu |
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Micronesia
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271 square miles of land
607 islands Independent in 1991 Asia, Guam, Palau, Marshall Islands, Bikini |
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Polynesia
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Easter island (colonized 400 AD)
French polynesia/Tahiti (colonized 700 AD) Hawaii (colonized 800 AD) New Zealand (colonized 1400 AD) Samoa |
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Who were the first people to define the tropics? How?
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Greeks
Frigid, temperate, torrid zones on NH and SH |
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What are low pressure zones called in:
West Indies China India Australia |
Hurricanes
Typhoons Cyclones Willy willys |
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What causes tides? What is the difference each day?
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Moon, about 50 min delay each day
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Two largest barrier reefs
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Great Barrier Reef in Australia
Red Sea Coral Reef (?) New Caledonia Barrier Reef (?) |
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What happens after coral is bleached?
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Algae colonization
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How much money did tourism make in 2011?
How much came from coral reefs? |
Over $1 trillion
$375 billion |
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How did polynesians navigate? (1)
How did polynesians find islands? (3) |
Stars
Cloads, Birdwatching, primary and secondary waves |
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Marshall Islands-How many atolls?
Stick charts (3) |
30
Rebbelib-map of whole region of atolls Meddo-high resolution section of map Mattang-wave patterns |
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Indonesia
How large? Largest religion? Most what? Lingua franca? What did they colonize? |
5th largest in world
Islam Diverse Bahassa Madagascar |
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Change of hands for who ruled the Caribbean (5 times)
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Native American indians, to the Spanish, to the British, then French, then Dutch
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2 parts of the Caribbean
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Aranak (Greater Antilles)
Caribs (Lesser Antilles) |
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What language do they speak in:
Bahamas Cuba Jamaica Hispaniola (Haiti, Dominican Republic) |
English
Spanish English French Spanish |
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What language do they speak in:
Puerto Rico American/British Virgin Islands St. Martin Guadalupe |
Spanish
English Dutch, French French |
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What language do they speak in:
Barbados Grenada Trinidad and Tobago Aruba/Curacao/Bonaire |
English
English English Dutch |
