Geog 103 Exam 2

Front 1

temperature

Back 1

measurement of average kinetic motion

Front 2

heat

Back 2

form of energy that flows from one system or object to another due to temperature difference

Front 3

point at which water boils and freezes

Back 3

boils: 212F, freezes 32F

Front 4

mars average temperature

Back 4

-75C

Front 5

venus avg temp

Back 5

190F

Front 6

earth avg temp

Back 6

60F

Front 7

four things that control temperature

Back 7

latitude, altitude, clouds cover, and land vs water (because they heat differently)

Front 8

elevation

Back 8

a point on the surface of the earth (land) vertically above sea level

Front 9

altitude

Back 9

the vertical distance in the sky (not on land)

temperature range increases with altitude

Front 10

specific heat

Back 10

heat capacity of a substance

Front 11

specific heat of water

Back 11

water cools or heats more slowly

Front 12

does cold or warm water create higher evaporation rates

Back 12

warm water evaporates at higher rates and transfers latent heat to the clouds

Front 13

what keeps the ocean from going over 90F?

Back 13

mixing, the process of colder and warmer water blending together (since oceans aren't walled off from one another)

Front 14

where is the gulf stream

Back 14

the northern atlantic ocean

Front 15

in what region of the world does the gulf stream regulate temperature?

Back 15

england and mainland europe

Front 16

maritime effect

Back 16

locations that exhibit themoderating influences of the ocean, usually along coastlines or on islands.

Front 17

continental effect

Back 17

The continental effect refers to areas less affected by the sea and therefore having a greater range between maximum and minimum temperatures on both a daily and yearly basis.

Front 18

thermal equator

Back 18

Thermal equator is an isotherm connecting all points of highest mean temperature (about 27°C).

Front 19

Temperature anomaly

Back 19

the difference in temperature from the recorded average long-term temperature

Front 20

"directly measured" in terms of temperature

Back 20

an instrumental record of global surface temperature

Front 21

humidity

Back 21

the amount of water vapor in the air

Front 22

wind chill

Back 22

correlates cold and wind speed, stronger wind = lower wind chill index

Front 23

heat index

Back 23

correlates heat and humidity, higher humidity = higher heat index

Front 24

(atmospheric) air pressure

Back 24

the force per unit area exerted against asurface by the weight of air above that surface (decreases with altitude)

Front 25

barometer

Back 25

tool to measure air pressure

Front 26

wind

Back 26

the horizontal motion of air across the earth's surface

Front 27

principle properties of wind

Back 27

speed and direction

Front 28

west wind is moving which direction?

Back 28

east

Front 29

easterly wind is moving which direction

Back 29

west

Front 30

wind vane

Back 30

instrument to measure wind

Front 31

anemometer

Back 31

instrument to measure wind

Front 32

four driving forces within the atmosphere

Back 32

gravitational force (atmospheric pressure)

pressure gradient force (generateswinds)

coriolis force (deflective force(curving))

frictional force (drag onwinds)

Front 33

isobar

Back 33

an equal pressure line (Thecloser the spacing of isobars… the higher pressure gradient… the stronger thewind.)

Front 34

pressure gradient

Back 34

The pressure gradient results in a net force that is directed from high to low pressure

Front 35

Coriolis force

Back 35

an effect of Earth’s rotation

deflects a moving object to the right of its moving direction in theNorthern Hemisphere, and to its left in the Southern Hemisphere.

increases as the speed of the moving object increases.

zero along the equator, and reaches maximum near poles.

Front 36

What does pressure gradient force + Coriolis forcecreate?

Back 36

geostrophic wind at upper troposphere, of course

Front 37

what creates surface winds

Back 37

PressureGradientForce + Coriolis Force+Friction Force

Front 38

Intertropical convergence zone

Back 38

a defined line around the earth (not a parallel) that shifts with the seasons. marked by high insolation, increased evaporation, and rising moist air

Front 39

four qualities of polar high pressure cell

Back 39

weak and variable

anticyclone pattern

frigid and dry

antarctic specific: stronger and more persistent cause of the land mass

Front 40

subtropical high pressure cell

Back 40

dry and hot

westerlies (winds from the west) / trade winds

bermuda high /pacific high

strong in summer, weak in winter

Front 41

aleutian low

Back 41

low pressure cyclone dominates the ocean around 60N

Front 42

icelandic low

Back 42

low pressure cyclone dominates the ocean around 60N

Front 43

polar front

Back 43

area of contrast between cold (high latitude) and warm (low latitude)

Front 44

Rossby waves

Back 44

protrusions of the polar front into warmer air, leading to the formation of lows and highs

Front 45

jetstreams

Back 45

Irregular patterns of wind that control weather

Front 46

Katabatic winds

Back 46

Largescale gravity drainage winds

Front 47

monsoon

Back 47

Seasonalshift from dry to wet conditions

Front 48

monsoonal winds

Back 48

In winter, dry and cold air flows from north to south, and in summer, wet and humid airflows from south to north.

Front 49

are land-sea breezes onshore or offshore during the daytime?

Back 49

onshore

Front 50

are land-sea breezes onshore or offshore during nightime?

Back 50

offshore

Front 51

when do land sea breezes heat land

Back 51

when they blow onshore / during the daytime

Front 52

when do land sea breezes warm the water?

Back 52

when they blow offshore / during the nighttime

Front 53

in a low pressure cell, is it more or less likely to be hot?

Back 53

more likely

Front 54

mountain-valley airflow, evening, are the winds going into the valley or into the hills?

Back 54

into the valley

Front 55

why does wind literally change direction at night??

Back 55

cooler air is drawn on shore during the day to warm the land, and at night, it's drawn back offshore, so the winds switch directions

Front 56

is onshore breeze clockwise or counterclockwise?

Back 56

clockwise

Front 57

is offshore breeze clockwise or counterclockwise?

Back 57

counterclockwise

Front 58

mountain-valley airflow, daytime, are the winds going into the valley or into the hills?

Back 58

into the hills

Front 59

frictional drag

Back 59

the driving force for ocean surface currents

Front 60

gyres ocean currents

Back 60

circular flows of water in the ocean basins, tied to high pressure systems

Front 61

equitorial ocean currents

Back 61

strong east-west currents

Front 62

What happens when western ocean currents intensify

Back 62

A piling-up of water on the eastern coasts of continents

Front 63

upwelling

Back 63

deep water current, wherecurrents sweep water away from coast, replaced by cold, deep, nutrient-richwaters

Front 64

downwelling

Back 64

wherecurrents pile-up water against coast, redistribute heat energy & salinity

Front 65

what creates thermohaline circulation in the ocean

Back 65

Differences in temperature and salinity produce density differences

Front 66

el nino

Back 66

a reversal in pacific trade winds that heats equatorial waters and affects precipitation in north/central america

Front 67

three properties of water

Back 67

colorless, odorless, tasteless

Front 68

three states of water

Back 68

liquid, gas, solid

Front 69

what percent of the human body is water?

Back 69

70%

Front 70

how many days can a human survive without water?

Back 70

3 at max

Front 71

what percentage of the earth is covered in water

Back 71

71%

Front 72

is water distributed evenly or unevenly?

Back 72

unevenly

Front 73

where did water come from?

Back 73

icy comets and hydrogen-oxygen laden debris

Front 74

outgassing

Back 74

a process by which water and water vapor emerge from layers deep within and below the crust (about 25 km deep)

Front 75

at what temperature does water density reach its maximum?

Back 75

4C

Front 76

Covalent bonding

Back 76

bonding of atoms through the sharing of electrons

Front 77

Polarity

Back 77

electriccharge causing the attraction and repulsion of atoms/molecules

Front 78

Hydrogen bonding

Back 78

bondingbetween water molecules

Front 79

relative humidity

Back 79

actual water vapor in the air divided by the maximum possible water vapor, times 100

Front 80

what is it called when the relative humidity is 100%?

Back 80

saturation

Front 81

dew point temperature

Back 81

thetemperature at which a given mass of air becomes saturated and net condensationbegins to form water droplets

Front 82

why is there less humidity later in the day despite the same amount of water vapor?

Back 82

because colder air (morning air) is denser and therefore the water takes up more air. as the air warms, it expands, and the same amount of water vapor doesn't take up the same amount of space

Front 83

Airparcel

Back 83

a body of air has specific temperature and humidity

Front 84

Stable air parcel

Back 84

the tendency of an air parcel either to remain in place or to change vertical position by ascending ordescending

Front 85

what determines a stable air parcel

Back 85

itresists displacement upward, or when disturbed, tends to return to its startingplace

Front 86

Unstable air parcel

Back 86

An air parcel continues to rise until it reaches an altitude where the surrounding air has adensity and temperature similar to its own

Front 87

what determines the degree of stability of an air parcel?

Back 87

temperaturedifference between inside an air parcel and the air surrounding the parcel

Front 88

adiabatic

Back 88

occurring without a loss or gain of heat

Front 89

diabatic

Back 89

occurring with an exchange of heat

Front 90

clouds

Back 90

aggregations of moisture dropletsand ice crystals

Front 91

how are clouds classified

Back 91

two ways: altitude and form/shape

Front 92

cirroform

Back 92

hair like, feathery

Front 93

stratiform

Back 93

flat and layered

Front 94

cumuliform

Back 94

poofy fluffy

Front 95

fog

Back 95

a cloud layer on the ground that develops when theair temperature and the dew-point temperature at ground level are nearlyidentical

Front 96

Advection fog

Back 96

air in one place migrates to where it can condense (moist air over cool ground)

Front 97

Evaporation fog

Back 97

cold air over a warm surface

Front 98

valley fog

Back 98

cool air in valleys chills air to saturation

Front 99

radiation fog

Back 99

when cooling of a surface chills the air above, forming fog (moist ground over night)