Geo 373 Exam 3

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Bahamas

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(technically in the Atlantic Ocean), consists of more than 700 islands off the Florida coast.; low coral islands. Most are small, low-ling, limestone, dry, and uninhabited.

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The Greater Antilles

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include the relatively large islands of Cuba, Hispaniola(Haiti and the Dominican Republic), Puerto Rico, and Jamaica. The four islands comprise over 80 percent of the land area of the Caribbean and about 90 percent of Caribbean population. Spain originally established colonies here including Jamaica.

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The Lesser Antilles

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2 arcs. Islands in the inner arc have formed around volcanic peaks. Some of the islands-Guadeloupe, Martinique, St. Kitts, Monserrat, and St. Vincent-have active or potentially active volcanic cones. Low-lying Coral limestone islands, such as Antigua and Barbados, form the outer arc of this area; North Europeans(French, Dutch, and English) colonized these small islands.

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South American Islands

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1) Aruba

2) Bonaire

3) Curacao

4) Trinidad

5) Tobago

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Afro-Caribbean Population

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This large population is common to almost all islands. In general, the Hispanic islands have a larger population of Euro-Caribbeans than the areas with French, British, and Dutch connections. Approximately four out of five Puerto Ricans and two out of three Cubans classify themselves as White. Whites comprise between five and ten percent of the population in most French and British-connected islands. Mescegenation has occurred for centuries, resulting in significant populations of people of color. Asian minorities (mainly resulting from an indentured labor scheme) live in several islands, for example Jamaica, and are significant in Trinidad and Guyana.

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Creole/patois

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Local languages include Spanish (60 percent), French (22percent), English (16 percent) and Dutch (2 percent). In addition, many speak this language. For example, it is common in Haiti. Some in the Caribbean look down on neighbors. Puerto Ricans see Dominicans as inferior who in turn view Haitians with disdain. In Trinidad, a division exists between people of African and East Indian Heritages. Tobagans have a sense of identity, distinct from Trinidadians.

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CARICOM

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Caribbean Community and Common Market-though not a true common market, encourages cooperation. Its members are Antigua-Barbuda, the Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts-Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent, Suriname, and Trinidada nd Tobago. Dominican Republic, Mexico, and Venezuela have observer status. It has.produced some economic integration such as creation of Caribbean Food Corporation to improve marketing of local food and also the West Indies Shipping Corporation to coordinate transportation of Caribbean goods, but has failed to develop a common external tariff.

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Hurricanes

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Every year the Caribbean experiences these from off West Africa and sweep across between June and November with winds blowing over 74 miles per hour moving in a counter-clockwise direction. The northeast trade winds modify the tropical heat year-round and produce most precipitation.

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Trade Winds

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1. Low-lying islands receive little rainfall because these moisture-laden occurrences do not rise high enough to cool and produce precipitation. They 1. modify the tropical heat year-round and produce most precipitation.

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Climate of the Caribbean

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The Caribbean Islands lie in the maritime tropical air masses, although the Bahamas and northern areas of the Greater Antilles can experience incursions of cold air from the North American landmass in winter. Precipitation varies from island to island. Low-lying islands receive little rainfall because the moisture-laden northeast trades do not rise high enough to cool and produce precipitation. The flat Netherlands Antillles of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao, for example, have a semiarid climate with about 20 inches of rain per year. Conversely, islands such as the Dominica in the Lesser Antilles with high volcanic peaks, receive over 100 inches of rain and support tropical rain forest.

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Dutch, French, English: Colonies

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Historically, the Guiannas (Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana) were colonized by North Europeans-the British, Dutch, and French. Sugar plantations were developed and people of African and Asian heritage were imported as workers. In addition, Guyana (independent from the U.K, in 1966) and Suriname (independent from the Netherlands in 1975) are members of CARICOM. French Guiana , an overseas department of France, is linked into the European Uniona and has a larage European space center at Kourou. The French established a Guiana coastal settlement in 1604, a few years before starting one on the St. Lawrence (Quebec) in 1609. Subsequently, the Dutch and English began colonies in the Guianas. Settlements changed hands frequently. The Dutch acquired possession of Suriname, from the English, in 1667 in exchange for Manhattan Island. The British took the territory that became British Guiana (now Guyana) from the Dutch during the Napoleonic Wars.

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Trinidadian East Indians

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Cultural and religious diversity complicate politics. Geographically, Afro-Trinidadians are concentrated in urban areas and petroleum districts while people of East Indian descent predominate in rural areas. Politics often divide along ethnic lines. Tension between Afro-Trinidadians and Indo-Trinidadians can be intense. (About forty percent of population is East Indian descent)

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Puerto Ricans

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have the most industrialized economy in the Caribbean because of its commonwealth relationship with the U.S. This includes heavy industry, electronics, and pharmaceuticals.

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Tourism

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Usually the major sector of the Caribbean economies with islands competing for tourists mostly from the U.S., Europe, and Canada. Some islands such as the bahamas, promote cheap package holidays. Others offer expensive resorts and water sports likke St. Barts. Most island governments promote tourism to provide jobs in hotels, restaurants, retailing, construction, transportation, and to pay local taxes. The industry can, however, present problems: 1) It relies on economic situation in the source areas. Recesssion in the U.S. For example has a big impact on tourism to the Caribbean. 2) It is sensitive to local factors such as adverse weather, like hurricanes. 3) Employment in tourist industries is seasonal, with most visitors arriving in the northern hemisphere winter months. 4) Wages are generally low for locals. Tourists are usually affluent, accentuating the contrast between rich and poor nations. 5) Environmental costs can be high. Small islands especially experience difficulty with water demands and garbage problems. Beach erosion and marine pollution are common. 6) Tourism is capital intensive (usually foreign capital) and foreign corporations often repatriate profits. 7) Foreign exchange frequently "leaks". It goes to buy imported merchandise, including food served in tourist hotels. 8) Tourism is subject to changes in fashion. A prime destination can quickly lose its appeal.

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Informal Sector

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Many work like this such as shining shoes, collecting garbage, selling lotto tickets-in other words eking out just enough to get by on. People in rural areas grow fruit and produce to supplement diets. Livestock and chickens are everywhere. Caribbean familiies and economies benefit from monies and goods received from overseas migrants. Illegal drugs enter the U.S. From the Caribbean. Some marijuana (ganja) is grown in the region for example in Jamaica. Cocaine and heroin (often from Colombia) pass through the islands on their way to consumers in North America and Europe. Crime and corruption are frequently linked to drug activity.

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What are the common geographical characteristics of the Caribbean Islands?

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The island nature of the Caribbean is significant. Living on islands with limited refuge areas, indigenous populations were vulnerable to demographic destruction by Europeans through warfare, enslavement, labor practices, deportation, and diseases. Native Americans were virtually eradicated. The Caribbean landscapes were changed as native forests were cleared for tropical agriculture, especially sugar cane. The Caribbean Islands lie in the maritime tropical air masses, although the Bahamas and northern areas of the Greater Antilles can experience incursions of cold air from the North American landmass in winter. Precipitation varies from island to island. Low-lying islands receive little rainfall because the moisture-laden northeast trades do not rise high enough to cool and produce precipitation. The flat Netherlands Antillles of Aruba, Bonaire, and Curacao, for example, have a semiarid climate with about 20 inches of rain per year. Conversely, islands such as the Dominica in the Lesser Antilles with high volcanic peaks, receive over 100 inches of rain and support tropical rain forest. Every year the Caribbean experiences hurricanes from off West Africa and sweep across between June and November with winds blowing over 74 miles per hour moving in a counter-clockwise direction. The northeast trade winds modify the tropical heat year-round and produce most precipitation.

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Describe the migration patterns of the Caribbean. Population pressure, unemployment, and poverty are relieved with out-migration on the Caribbean.

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Emigrants send money and goods to relatives on the islands. Large numbers of Caribbean people have migrated in response to economic and political forces. Destinations and rates of emigration are affected by job possibilities and government regulations in receiving countries. Migrants have had three main destinations: Circum-Caribbean (including Central America), Europe, and North America. There has long-been circum-Caribbean circulation on a daily, seasonal and permanent basis. People have moved to cut cane, pick bananas, build the Panama Canal, and work in the regional petroleum industry. After World War II, many migrated to Europe to fill a labor vacuum. Today as EU citizens, French and Dutch Antilleans move to Europe for education and jobs. Since 1965, by far the largest numbers of migrants have moved to the U.S. Where more than five million people of Caribbean origin reside. Cubans have migrated to the U.S. In waves, the largest number of about one million migrating to the U.S. Since Castro's 1959 Revolution, claiming political asylum. Now, only 20,000 Cubans per year can migrate to the U.S.2. Although recent reports of human smuggling suggest larger numbers.

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What are the advantages and disadvantages of Tourism in the Caribbean?

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New tourism is usually the major sector of the Caribbean economies with islands competing for tourists mostly from the U.S., Europe, and Canada. Some islands such as the bahamas, promote cheap package holidays. Others offer expensive resorts and water sports like St. Barts. Most island governments promote tourism to provide jobs in hotels, restaurants, retailing, construction, transportation, and to pay local taxes. The industry can, however, present problems: 1) It relies on economic situation in the source areas. Recession in the U.S. For example has a big impact on tourism to the Caribbean. 2) It is sensitive to local factors such as adverse weather, like hurricanes. 3) Employment in tourist industries is seasonal, with most visitors arriving in the northern hemisphere winter months. 4) Wages are generally low for locals. Tourists are usually affluent, accentuating the contrast between rich and poor nations. 5) Environmental costs can be high. Small islands especially experience difficulty with water demands and garbage problems. Beach erosion and marine pollution are common. 6) Tourism is capital intensive (usually foreign capital) and foreign corporations often repatriate profits. 7) Foreign exchange frequently "leaks". It goes to buy imported merchandise, including food served in tourist hotels. 8) Tourism is subject to changes in fashion. A prime destination can quickly lose its appeal.

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What is the make-up of the economy and economic problems of the Caribbean?

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Before 1960, most Caribbean economies relied on agriculture. Sugar cane and bananas were the major export crops, but Caribbean producers now find it increasingly difficult to compete in the global marketplace. Tourism is a major sector of the Caribbean economies with islands competing tourists. Cuba hast he most diversified mineral resources such as nickel. Nickel, silver, and gold are mined in the Dominican Republic. Bauxite is mined in Jamaica and the Dominican Republic. Trinidad has petroleum and natural gas in exportable quantities. Industry and Manufacturing-Many islands have small plants to serve local needs. Large plants are associated with refining of bauxite to alumina (Jamaica) and sugar cane. The Caribbean region refines and ships oil to the U.S. Informal Sector is used for the economy. Trade and Economic Integration-Caribbean Islands are heavily trade-dependent and Cuba excepted, the U.S. Is a significant partner.

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Ejidos

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land reform under Article 27 of the Mexican Constitution (1917) slowly created this system in which land ownership remained with the state, but peasant cooperatives acquired a right to its use. This system occupied only 13 percent of cultivated land by 1930, but under President Cardenas (1934-1940) distribution accelerated. By 1940, nearly half the cropland was in ejidos. By 1990, 70 percent of the country's farmers were working communal ejido land. Yet, much of the land is marginal, and unirrigated. Most of the best bottom valley lands are in commerical agriculture while many ejidatarios tend dispersed plots on steep mountain slopes. A major change in land tenure occurred in 1993 when Article 27 of the Mexican constitution was amended to permit ejidatarios to sell land to commercial farmers and developers. A previously illegal practice was now legal, speeding expansion of the urban fringe onto surrounding ejido land in cities such as Mexico City and Guadalajara. In remote, rural, Chiapas, where land reform had hardly begun, the change in Article 27 helped fuel the Zapatista uprisings in 1995 against central government authority.

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La Frontera

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What Mexicans refer to the borderland sub-region as, implying that it is a rest-less place of opportunity and progress. This contrasts with the American perception of dusty border towns with lurid tourist sections that attract visits by military personnel and students seeking a lower legal drinking age.

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Milpas

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In the Southern Mountains, most people are subsistence farmers of Indian origin, especially Mixtecs and Zapotecs, who cultivate these maize fields on steep mountainsides.

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Cenotes

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In the Yucatan, the flat limestone platform pockmarked with these sinkholes.

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Yucatan

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The Yucatan Peninsula is a land of contrasts. At one time, it was home to a vibrant Mayan culture of regional empires centered on dramatic urban centers whose structures today stand in testimony to complex societies. Today, the landscape is occupied by Mayan-speaking descendents whose subsistence lifestyle slowly yields to modernity. The flat limestone platform with sinkholes (cenotes) and underground streams produces a classic karst topography that forms much of the states of Yucatan and Quintana Roo, and parts of Campeche. The northern Yucatan has lost its isolation as, beginning in 1970, the government developed tourism in a coastal zone from Isla Mujeres to Isla Cozumel. Rapid growth occurred in Merida when the government decided to allow maquiladoras in areas beyond the northern border. Isolated Southern Yucatan is part of the southern poverty belt and lightly populated with subsistence farmers.

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Sierra Madres

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The Sierra Madre Oriental and Chiapas highlands receive heavy rainfall, as the trades rise up steep escarpments that exceed 8,000 feet. Dense stands of rain forest at lower altitudes give way to conifers as elevation lowers temperatures. Once across the Sierra Madre Oriental, the now drier air crosses the Mexican plateau where rainfall totals drop dramatically, ranging from 25 inches per annum in Mexico City to 17 inches per annum in Chihuahua to the north. Only xerophytes, plants adapted to these semi-arid conditions, survive. Crossing the windward slopes of the Sierra Madre Occidental and Sierra Madre del Sur, the trade winds give up additional moisture and as the air descends to the Pacific, there is little rainfall. The drier west sides of the mountains, receive rainfall from Pacific storms whose frequency increases southward.

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Cocos Plate

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The North American and Caribbean plates converge with this plate underlying the Pacific, creating oceanic trenches offshore and fault zones that spawn earthquakes.

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Teotihuacan

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Teotihuacan also written Teotihuacán, was a pre-Columbian Mesoamerican city located in the Basin of Mexico, 30 miles (48 km) northeast of modern day Mexico City, which is today known as the site of many of the most architecturally significant Mesoamerican pyramids built in the pre-Columbian Americas.

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All Regions of Mexico

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Regions: Arid Northwest, Borderland,Independent North, Southern Mountains, Central Metropolitan Axis, Humid Gulf Lowlands, Chiapas Upland, Southern Poverty Belt, Yucatan. The regions of Mexico are delineated largely in terms of climate and topography. The Borderland, the Tourist Fringe,and the Central Metropolitan Axis, around Mexico City are identified on a functional basis. If we stand back from the nine regions, we can recognize three major zones with distinctive economic characteristics. 1) The Independent North with above average wealth and growth potential and an Hispanic character. 2) Central Mexico, which is Mestizo and contains major cities, including Mexico City. 3) A Southern Poverty Belt where incomes are well below national averages, subsistence farming is widespread, and extensive areas are occupied by indigenous non-Spanish speaking, inhabitants.

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PEMEX

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Industrial development: In 1938, the oil industry was nationalized and this government oil company became an icon of economic independence; AKA Petroleos Mexicanos.

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Narcos

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In the Southern Mountains, the remote southern mountains are a refuge for outlaws called this, and insurgents as well as home to isolated, self-sufficient communities.

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Tourist Areas

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In 1970, the Mexican government began a major investment in tourism to bring economic development to the south of the country. Previously, only Acapulo, Mazatlan, and Puerto Vallarta on the Pacific coast were significant tourist destinations. The self0contained Cancun development has thrived and hotels having filled the Caribbean shore, are now being constructed on the lagoon side of the island facing the mainland. Cancun's success spurred development along a sixty mile stretch of Caribbean coast southwards to the offshore island of Cozumel and Tulum. More recently, southward development has included Puerto Coasta Maya, near Majahual, for cruise ships. Government plans to involve extending tourist development to the southermost tip of Quintana Roo at Xcalak. The Pacific coast of Mexico also has a tourist fringe. Beginning with the colonial port of Acapulco, whose bay is polluted with sewage from hotels and shanty towns on the hills beyond, tourist centers have been developed in Puerto Vallarta, Mazatlan, Manzanillo, Ixtapa, and Zihuatanejo. A Pacific coast highway links the once isolated centers to international airports, providing connections to North America and Europe. Most recently, the tourist fringe has pushed northwards to Baja California and southwards to Puerto Chiapas, nearTapachula, which acquired a cruise terminal in 2005 to attract ecotourists to Chiapas. Tourism is Mexico's third largest economic sector.

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Challenges to Modernity

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The Human Development Index looks beyond GDP to a broader definition of well-being. The HDI combines life expectancy, literacy, school enrollment, and personal income. Mexico ranks around 50 among 177 countries, exceeded in mainland Latin America by Argentina, Chile, Uruguay, and Costa Rica. Mexico has made strides towards modernity in the twenty-first century, but some nation-wide problems hold it back. Economic Factors: 1) The North-South divide 2) Transport infrastructure. Social Factors: 1) The threat of civil unrest. 2) The status of women. 3) Levels of Education.

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Climates and Landforms of Mexico

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North America is considered to end at Guatemala's Motagua Valley. Mexico's proximity to the boundaries of three crustal planes creates landform diversity. South of the U.S. Border, a block of the earth's crust, an extension of the Basin and Range country, thrusts upward to form the Mexican plateau, an elevated platform comprising the Mesa del Norte and Mesa Central. Ranging from 4,000 feet on the border at El Paso to 7,347 feet at Mexico City, the plateau contains flat-floored basins. Some basins are drained by rivers flowing to the ocean such as the Lerma River that crosses the Mesa Central to Lake Chapala. In turn, the lake is drained by the Rio Grande de Santiago which cuts a gorge north of Tepic to the Pacific. Many other basins such as the Valley of Mexico, have no outlet to the sea and contain shallow lakes or dry salt pans. Two mountain chains border the plateau: the Sierra Madre Occidental which drops to a narrow plain along the Pacific and the Sierra Madre Oriental which grades to a wider Gulf coast plain. An east-west volcanic ridge, the Transverse Volcanic Axis defines the southern border of the plateau and inclueds Mt. Orizaba, Mexico's highest peak. South of the volcanic axis, a structural depression is drained by the Balsas River to the Pacific. South of the Balsas lies the southern highlands of Oaxaca and Guerrero (has thin soils and easily eroded). Continuing south, the Chiapas highlands which are composed of parallel ridges, extend into Guatemala. The Yucatan Peninsula is a limestone platform thinly covered with fertile soils but few surface streams. The North American and Caribbean plates converge with the Cocos plate underlying the Pacific, creating oceanic trenches offshore and fault zones that spawn earthquakes. The Baja California peninsula is a thin mountain spine fringed with dry, sandy shores. It is the only part of Mexico within the Pacific plate. At its junction with North American Plate, a rift valley has flooded to form the Gulf of California. North across the border, it becomes California's Imperial Valley. Mexico's climate variations are derived from four influences: 1) Pacific, subtropical high pressure area, strongest in the northwest of Mexico, bringing dry desert air to Baja California and the Gulf of California coastal lowlands but also influencing two-thirds of Mexico. 2) The northeast trade winds that blow off the Gulf and bring most of the country's rainfall. 3) Altitude, which modifies temperatures and creates ecologic zones up the mountain sides. 4) Rain shadows on slopes of the Mexican plateau and Pacific that face away from the northeast trades.

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How has tourism changed the Yucatan Peninsula?

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The northern Yucatan has lost its isolation as, beginning in 1970, the government developed tourism in a coastal zone from Isla Mujeres to Isla Cozumel. Rapid growth occurred in Merida when the government decided to allow maquiladoras in areas beyond the northern border. Isolated Southern Yucatan is part of the southern poverty belt and lightly populated with subsistence farmers.

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What are the regions of Mexico?

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Nine main regions: Arid Northwest, Borderland,Independent North, Southern Mountains, Central Metropolitan Axis, Humid Gulf Lowlands, Chiapas Upland, Southern Poverty Belt, Yucatan The regions of Mexico are delineated largely in terms of climate and topography. The Borderland, the Tourist Fringe,and the Central Metropolitan Axis, around Mexico City are identified on a functional basis. If we stand back from the nine regions, we can recognize three major zones with distinctive economic characteristics. 1) The Independent North with above average wealth and growth potential and an Hispanic character. 2) Central Mexico, which is Mestizo and contains major cities, including Mexico City. 3) A Southern Poverty Belt where incomes are well below national averages, subsistence farming is widespread, and extensive areas are occupied by indigenous non-Spanish speaking, inhabitants.

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Describe South Mexico

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A Southern Poverty Belt where incomes are well below national averages, subsistence farming is widespread, and extensive areas are occupied by indigenous, non-speaking, inhabitants. The states of Guerrero, Oaxaca, Chiapas, and the interior Yucatan Peninsula are the poorest in Mexico. The southern poverty belt is overwhelmingly rural and its landscapes show less evidence of modernization than other parts of Mexico. Holding the region back is its remoteness from centers of political and economic power, lack of resources, and a large poorly-educated indigenous population. Based on physical geography, the poverty belt has three distinct parts: 1) The Southern Mountains 2) Chiapas 3) Yucatan

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Describe North Mexico

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The independent North consists of plateaus broadening, arid increase, and has frontier feel of the American West of wide vistas, dispersed settlements, mining, cattle ranching, and grain farming. Northern Mexico has a reputation for political independence and conservatism. Lying north of the Chichimec frontier, the region was lightly populated with nomadic Indians at the time of European contact, and cultural influences are more strongly Hispanic than the mestizo-Indian mix of central and southern Mexico. Wheat an barley, rather than maize, are the predominant commercial grains. Encouraged by the government's neoliberal market policies, multinational firms including auto manufacturers have located in major northern cities. Above average wealth and growth potential and an Hispanic character

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Guiana Highlands

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Extend from Brazil into Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname, and French Guiana. In Brazil, the highlands drain into the Amazon system and do not rise to great elevations. The highest peak is Roraima (9,094 feet) in the Serra Pacaraima, which forms the border between Brazil, Venezuela, and Guyana. Transportation is difficult in the rugged coutnry that is sculpted into high-level erosion surfaces from which the rivers tumble in waterfalls and rapids. Few resources have been exploited although the igneous and metamorphic rocks of the region are rich in minerals.

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Amazon Basin

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The Amazon contains a greater volume of water than any other river in the world. The Amazon basin is filled with sediments, and the underlying rocks deep beneath a mantle of alluvium that has been brought down from surrounding highlands-the Andes, Guiana Highlands, and Brazilian Highlands. We think of Amazonia as rain forest but the region is varied ecologically. Rainfall is not uniform and in zones with a dry season, the forest is replaced by tropical grasslands except along the watercourses. The region contains many ecological niches, including the main water channels, levees, floodplains, and old river courses that support lakes and marshes throughout the year.

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Atlantic Coastal Plain

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The plain is not extensive but is best developed from Fortaleza to Vitoria. In the Reconcavo region, around the city of Salvador, the plain is at its widest and has been utilized for food production from pre-Colombian times to the present. Prior to Portuguese settlement, indigenous Tupi populations worked this forested area, practicing a form of slash and burn cultivation known as roca. The Serra do Mar was once dense rain forest but many areas were cleared by Tupi farmers. Proximity to large population and industrial centers has made the Atlantic forests especially vulnerable. There are some successful attempts to rebuild the scattered patches of Mata Atlantica. At Rio de Janeiro the coastal plain is narrow, and the old, hard rocks of the Brazilian Plateau are spectacularly exposed in the Sugar Loaf and other outcrops.

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Favelas

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These squatments or slums have developed in the south; home to hundreds of thousands of migrants from rural areas especially from the sertao of the northeast. The favelas of Sao Paulo and Rio de Janeiro are a destination for migrants who have already spent time in northeastern cities. One in three Rio's inhabitants live in a favela.

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SUDENE

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regional disparity: Through the governmental agency Superintendencia de Desenvolvimento do Nordeste, over 850,000 people are employed in public and private works against the drought. The agency has been notoriously loose with money and corruption is said to abound.

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SUDAM

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Recent Human Activity: Formulation of Amazonia Legal: In 1953, the Superintendencia para o Desenvolvimento de Amazonia (the Superintendency of Amazonian Developement) and the National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform were created to develop Amazonia. SUDAM encourages capital investment in region by providing investors with tax breaks and marketing agreements. SUDAM favored large property owners, particularly ranchers.

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Caboclo

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Agricultural Economy: subsistence farmers in Brazil.

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Brasilia

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national capital located in Brazil, that is developing rapidly.

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PETROBRAS

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Energy: A national oil monopoly (Petrolios Brasileiros) was created in 1953 to import and refine oil in Brazil.

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EMBRAER

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State-run in Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo State, manufactures airplanes, and exports to many countries like the U.S.

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ELETROBRAS

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Government enterprise responsible for development and transmission of hydroelectric energy which provides 90 percent of electricity.

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INCRA

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Formulation of Amazonia Legal: The National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform helped to develop Amazonia.

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Cerrado

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Brazilian Highlands: Southward in the zone of tropical wet-and-dry climates, the dry season is longer and trees are stunted and more widely spaced known as this.

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Fazenda

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The Stratagem of Portuguese Settlement: Lacking labor, these plantation owners turned to Africa.

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Engenhos

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sugar mills which were on sugar plantations in which slave labor was involved.

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Roraima C.

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A discovery in the state of Roraima near the Venezuelan border produced a gold rush and the influx of garimpeiros created conflict with local Amerindian groups whose lands were invaded and whose forests are being cleared.

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CVRD

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Structural Aspects of the Political Economy: Estado Novo policies createda large government controlled iron and steel enterprise called Companhia Vale do Rio Doce. It grew to be a major world steel producer and exporter of iron ore.

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Soybeans

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Brazil is a major producer and exporter of these, which now surpass coffee in acreage and value. China is the major importer.

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Garimpeiros

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olk miners exploiting alluvial gold or diamond deposits in Brazil.

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FUNAI

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Balancing the demands of indigenous people: The Fundacao Nacional do Indio which is too understaffed and some say motivated to protect their rights and lands of the Amerindians. American lands are supposed to be protected by these people but in reality tribal lands are being enroached on by farmers, ranchers, and miners. Having little success in isolating the indigenous people from settlers and introduced diseases.

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What are the regions of Brazil and how are they different? (5)

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1) Northern region-(States of Rondonia, Acre, Amazonas, Roraima, Para, Amapa, and Tocantins): region in par of some of hemisphere's poorest countries. Acounting for 30 percent of Brazil's population, it generates 15 percent of the gross national product and infant mortality rates are higher than national average. 2) Northeast region-(States of Maranhao, Piaui, Ceara, Rio Grande do Norte, Paraiba, Pernambuco, Alagoas, Sergipe, and Bahia): Poverty is entrenched in the northeast, and is worst in the droughts, yet remains during wet years. There are about forty million people living in what Brazilian officials call the drought polygon. 3) Southeastern region-(States of Minas Gerais, Espirito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo): the wealthiest and has the best social indicators in the country. Remains center of industrial activity and is most populous in Brazil. Produces most of the coffee in Brazil. Iron ore production. 4) Central-West region-(States of Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, Goias, Distrito Federal): This region is developing rapidly. There are old centers of gold mining but recent growth for soybean production and ranching. This region is home to Pantanal wetland where ecological change is occurring due to irrigation.5) Southern region-(states of Parana, Santa Catarina, Rio Grande do Sul): corresponds with the subtropical and temperate climatic regions of the country. The social indicators, longevity, education, and literacy are highest in Brazil. Greatest rates of reduction in inequality are in the sur (southern) region. Agrarian land use in the southern region ranges from coffee plantings to family-sized farms. Rio Grande do Sul State of the region is covered with large cattle ranches in the Pampa grasslands.

Front 59

How did sugar and coffee affect Brazil's population demographics?

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Brazil is a major world exporter of coffee and sugar which helps keep the economy stable. Sugar and slavery came hand in hand. Coffee plantations in the southern part of Brazil became the region of the most coffee being exported. The southern region is the most populous with wealth with the help of coffee as a major export. Railroad systems that are set up has helped the coffee do well too.

Front 60

Discuss the agricultural economy of Brazil.

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Cerrados which are in the Brazilian Highlands: Southward in the zone of tropical wet-and-dry climates, the dry season is longer and trees are stunted and more widely spaced consisting of soybeans, a major export. Soybeans, beef, orange juice, sugar are the major exports of Brazil, and coffee surprisingly counts for only 10% of the agricultural exports. There are two sectors in this economy which are: 1) minifundia, small holdings with subsistence element that grow most of the food crops and additional farming methods. 2) latifundia which are large-scale holdings consisting of export crops such as soybeans and sugar.

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Discuss the industrial economy of Brazil

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Brazil entered the change from import substitution industrialization to export-oriented industrialization. Iron-ore deposits are a major part of Brazil's economy. CVRD Companhia Vale do Rio Doce grew to be a major world steel producer and exporter of iron ore. The automobile and truck industry used to be Brazil's largest until the iron and steel industry surpassed it. Petrobras which is a national oil monopoly (Petrolios Brasileiros) was created in 1953 to import and refine oil in Brazil. Embraer is State-run in Sao Jose dos Campos, Sao Paulo State, manufactures airplanes, and exports to many countries like the U.S. Electrobras is the government enterprise responsible for development and transmission of hydroelectric energy which provides 90 percent of electricity.