Geo 303 Final

Front 1

What is the nebular hypothesis?
75% 23% 2% of what elements?

Back 1

the model on how our solar system formed

75 hydrogen - 23 Helium and 2 all other elements

Front 2

Stages of the Nebular Hypothesis?
4

Back 2

1.contraction of nebula (pressure on itself, this small pin drop) so it collapses

2. rotation and flattening of nebula (greatest mass in middle and thinner outside wings) middle is proto-sun, will be sun. the rotation causes it to flatten out

3. accretion of nebular

4. formation of planetary rings (larger objects (proto planets) suck up the small stuff on its own ring, each ring has a planet)

1.outer rings are gassy in composition
2. inner rings are rocky and metallic material

Front 3

What are the differences between terrestrial (earth, mars, venus, mercury) and Jovian (Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune) planets?

Back 3

Jovian are gas giants - Cold/ large
H, NH3,CH4

Terrestrial are hot and small - rocky/metallic
Si, Fe, Al

Front 4

What is the composition of the earths tectonic plates?

Back 4

The tectonic plates are 100 lithosphere (rocky, cold, and rigid) (the portion with no crust or mantle)

Front 5

3 Types of plate boundaries

Back 5

Convergent -Convergent plates are associated with oceanic trenches. Convergent means 2 plates are moving toward each other and oceanic crust is destroyed. (→ ←) one is forced to go underneath the other and into the mantle (this is called subduction), and this is called the subduction zone. As it goes deeper and deeper, the rocks melt and produce magma. always a parallel belt of active volcanoes.
why is crust destroyed? it is created on the subduction zone, but destroyed on the other side.


Divergent -two plates are moving away from one another and oceanic crust is created.
(← →) how? while the plates move apart it leaves a space for the asthenosphere (magma) to leak up and when it gets solid it creates basalt, what the oceanic crust is made of. this is the plate where MORs (Mid Oceanic Ridges) are created



Transform- two plates are moving past one another and oceanic crust is neither destroyed or made (ex. Pacific plate<------>N. American plate, (this is the San Andreas fault), it is a transformational boundary)

Front 6

What type of faults occur at each type of plate boundary?
What type of Volcano does that form?

Back 6

Reverse Fault occurs at the Convergent Boundary

Subduction zone volcanism occurs on the Convergent Boundary. ex. the most volcanically active belt on Earth is known as the Ring of Fire, which is located on the subduction zone

Normal Fault occurs at the Divergent Boundary

Spreading center volcanism occurs on the Divergent Boundary

- Strike Slip Fault (left lateral) occurs at the Transform Boundary

Intraplate (hotspot) volcanism occurs at the Transform Boundary

Front 7

Where is the asthenosphere located?

Back 7

the asthenosphere is located above the mantle and below the lithosphere

Front 8

How does magma differ from lava?

Back 8

magma: Molten/liquid rock beneath the earths surface. (only exist inside the earth)

lava: Molten liquid rock on the surface of the earth (also gasses are allowed to escape here)

How does basaltic (mafic) magma differ from rhyolitic (felsic) magma?

Basaltic shield and scoria volcanoes
Rhyolitic is just with Stravo volcanoes

Front 9

How does basaltic (mafic) magma differ from rhyolitic (felsic) magma?

Back 9

basaltic (mafic) magma: low viscosity (more flow), lower explosivity, lower silica content, produced by shield volcanoes, and scoria (basalt tephra)

rhyolitic (felsic) magma: higher viscosity (less flow), higher explosivity, higher silica content, produced by stratovolcanoes only

Front 10

What type of magma is more likely to be associated with a Plinian-type eruption? Why?

Back 10

Rhyolitic - stavo volcanoes

Front 11

Shield volcano-

Back 11

hill like, low profile/composed of 100% basalt lava; low viscosity, i.e. Mauna Loa, Hawaii, convex/broad; low angle in terms of the slope of the volcano.
Examples of Shield Volcanoes: Mauna Loa, Hawaii - lava flows

Front 12

coria (cinder)cones -

Back 12

composed of 100% basalt tephra/ low gas content/ steep sides/ large crater, smallest of the three, mild eruptions (basalt lava can still flow but tephra composes the cone) i.e. Paricutin, Mex. (1943-1952), eventually less pyroclastic and more lava-loses gas over time
often found as parasitic cones - little volcanoes that form on the side of bigger ones
Examplels of Scoria Volcanoes: Paricutin, Mexico

Front 13

Strato

Back 13

composed of both lava and tephra layers; avg. composition of Andesite (high viscosity/highly explosive); highly variable in what they erupt and therefore also in explosiveness; i.e. all cascades, ring of fire
very small summit craters
gradual then steeper sides
usually very symmetrical
MOST DANGEROUS & MOST DEADLY!!!
Example of Strato volcano: Mt. Vesuvius, ring of fire - plinian eruption

Front 14

What impact events (or extinction events) are associated with the Deccan flood basalts? . . . Siberian flood basalts? . . . Tunguska? . . . Chicxulub?

Back 14

Deccan flood basalts: K/T EVENT

Siberian flood basalts: PERMIAN EXTINCTION

Tunguska: The only known major impact of an extraterrestrial object in either historical or archeological time occurred on June 30, 1908 in central Siberia. no crater left, and it was a stony meteorite that hit but exploded before it even hit ground.

Chicxulub: K/T EVENT

Front 15

What are tektites

Back 15

Small Glassy Spheres formed when a foreign body hit’s the surface of the earth, sending fragments of heated rock into the atmosphere where the liquid like rock fragments cool into dark “tear drop” like glass shapes and fall back down to the ground
Major impact shoots up a teardrop shape when they hit the ground they appear as a dark glass.
located where meteorites impact the earth
found in all clay layers of K/T extinction

Front 16

Define deformation and stress.



Know the different fault types and the type of stress and directions of movement associated with each.

Different types of stress: 3

Back 16

- Deformation: Change that a rock body undergoes in volume and or shape

- Stress: Force that produces deformation (change in shape/volume)
stress is the applied force(the pushing and pulling on the rock layers)


tension: o-> pull it by the sides -> stretched ball <---->
compression: o-> push it in by the sides-> 0 --><--

shear stress: o->push by very high and very low parts-> get a deformed looking ball --><__

Front 17

Fault types:
2

Back 17

1. Dip-slip faults:--- vertical motion
1.normal dip-slip faults: hanging wall moves down from the foot wall
deformation= brittle/ stress= tension; DIVERGENT - normal dip when crusts separate

2. reverse (thrust)dip-slip faults: hanging wall moves up from the foot wall
deformation=brittle/ stress=compression; CONVERGENT
2. Strike-slip faults: horizontal or lateral motion (PERSPECTIVE-AERIAL VIEW TO SEE) (transform plate boundary) TRANSFORM
1. right-lateral:
2. left-lateral:

**WHEN STRADDLING A FAULT LINE, WHICHEVER FOOT GOES BACK MEANS ITS THAT KINDA FAULT. SO IF IT YOUR LEFT MOVES BACK THEN ITS A LEFT -LATERAL STRIKE-SLIP FAULT**

Front 18

Understand why a bend (or step) in strike-slip faults can result in local areas of compression or tension.

Back 18

a bend (step) in a strike-slip fault can result in areas of compression or tension because there are times where the slip either moves away from each other, or moves towards each other

Front 19

global atmospheric heating

Back 19

solar radiation, polar regions- coldest and indirect sunlight, equator- hottest (direct sunlight vs. indirect sunlight) hot air moves up and down and circulates to balance heat and air. High and low pressure are a major control on motion of air.

Front 20

Coriolis effect:

Back 20

southern hemisphere- left , northern hemisphere-right. why? equator, the earth is traveling quicker. momentum of earth will fling you off.

Front 21

Global wind patterns:

Equatorial area of low-pressure.
Trade winds?

Back 21

the hotter the air - the lower the density - the greater it will rise.
When air rises it expands and cools, and that is conductive to cloud formation and rainy conditions. Makes clouds
Doldrums-rainy conditions.

30 degrees north and south (there called horse latitudes) winds move away from the equator, and gets denser, and descends. Trade winds

when air descends it compresses and warms and that is conductive to clear skies and dry conditions.

overall belt of high pressure is what occurs at the horse latitudes. like convection cells (Hadley cell, ferrel cell, polar cell). prevailing pattern of wind. these are global belts. (TRADE WINDS) the belt will always move away from the horse latitudes and towards the equator. but Coriolis effect is here too, so they bend slightly to left and right depending on north and south. ships seize to move here. there is no wind, since the wind is going up not over the surface. horse latitude due to dead horses being seeing and warning them that they were getting close to the doldrum. lots of vegetation where the equator is due to all the rain (rainforest).

Front 22

Air masses and weather fronts c- continental, m-marine, p-polar, t-tropical.

Back 22

four masses that we can define on earth: cPair- (cold/dry) cTair (hot/dry) mPair (cold/wet) mTair (hot/wet) this one is the most unstable, dangerous, low density tends to rise rapidly, because it is wet it can form abundant clouds, fuel for all hurricanes. Jet Stream- moves rapidly, very cold and dry (cPair), can also influence weather. weather fronts are where the air masses meet.

Front 23

cold front-

Back 23

interface is a very steep angle, the line is the cold front! (cold/warm)(steep angle towards the house. cold air is always moving left to right, moving toward the warm air, forcing it to rise, causing cumulus clouds (tall clouds-they are very narrow and very tall, 30,000 feet tall) due to the narrow rise, from the steep angle. thunderstorms, and abundant rainfall, but these storms don’t last long. everything is very quick!!

Front 24

warm front-

Back 24

is very shallow in angle, (warm/cool) both move left to right. so once the warm air hits the cool front, it follows the shallow angle up, and it rises slowly. thinner clouds over a very broad area (wispy like) everything is very slow!! broadly overcast skies, and light showers. last for days!!

Front 25

occluded Fron

Back 25

when a cold front takes over a warm front. three air masses: cold, cool, and warm air. combination of weather from both.

Front 26

Understand the relationship of global warming to growth in the human population, the burning of fossil fuels, increasing greenhouse gases, melting of polar ice caps, and rising sea levels.

Back 26

global heating (warming) is increasing because the human population is needing more resources every day, due to the increase in population. These resources are produced in factories that produ ce too much CO2 (carbon dioxide) due to the burning of fossil fuel.
-the CO2 is is trapped in the atmosphere as well as heat from solar radiation because of the vast amount of Greenhouse gasses that don’t let them escape. This is called Greenhouse Effect.
- Because of the Greenhouse effect earth’s temperature is rising because heat is accumulating in the atmosphere. This is why the polar ice caps are melting and sea level is rising.

Front 27

Low-pressure system:
high-pressure system:

In which system is it likely to rain? Why?

Low Pressure: when air rises it expands and cools. Conducive to cloud formation and rainy weather

Back 27

low air rises and expands and cools in the process

high air descends and compresses warming in the process

Front 28

In what way do regional pressure systems control the global movement of wind?

Back 28

Regional places on H. L and Doldrums are dry deserts (Gobi is the only exception)

Front 29

Severe Thunder Storms: (needed for tornados)

Back 29

general characteristics: occur in the late afternoon, hottest time of the day, so the air rises all on its own, so thunderstorms start to form.

Front 30

3 Stages of a thunder storm

Back 30

early stage: cloud forming stage, constant up-drafts, no rain! maybe a light mist,
mature stage: updrafts and down-drafts, greatest amount of rain occurs here,
moisture pouring out of the cloud, but it is still the same height, sucks cold dry air in and
cools the hot air so that it stops the up-drafts

dissipating stage: only down-drafts now, last bit of moisture is released and the cloud gets
thinner and thinner, rain slows and then stops

Front 31

hail formation:

Back 31

you have to have a thunderstorm, hail can get pretty large! most smaller than a centimeters. (mTair) and (cPair), where they meet they produce cold fronts, along with the help of the Jet Stream, combined they produce hail. Hail stone is composed of ice layers, and they evolve during the mature stage. they yoyo up and down the cloud, creating the many layers, and the up-draft can be strong enough to hold very large hail.

Front 32

lightning

Back 32

produces a quick source of heat. speed of sound about 1 mile-in five seconds.
a form of static electricity. during mature stage, it becomes unbalance in its electrical charge, bottom of the cloud is neg. charges, top is positive. charge builds up, the neg. charges begin to attract the positive charges.
Neg. charges in air and attract positive charges on earth. they continue to attract and grow, creating a step-leader: back and forth dim light, as it gets closer and closer to the ground, once it is within 50 meters, the positive charges jump up to touch the neg, in the cloud and BAM- lightning. process can be very dangerous. Lichtenberg sign, caused when you are hit with lightning.

Front 33

tornadoes:
·

Back 33

very rare outside of the united states but most occur in the U.S. 70% of them
· most occur in same area as hail storms, middle of U.S.
· association between hail and tornadoes
· fijuta scale measures tornadoes speed (Fo-Fs) getting to Fs speeds 300 mph
· average speed 100-200 mph
· conditions that produce them: mT air and cP air, jet stream , both air masses meet at jet stream and produces tornadoes
· jet stream causes the air to rise very quickly because it sucks it up also causes the vortex of the tornado by hitting the cloud (shearing force)
· tri-state tornado(1925)
· at the time we didn’t have ways to predict tornadoes and give warning
· touched area of Missouri , Indiana, Illinois
· 689 people died hit about 23 towns
· 220 miles of destruction
was the greatest storm/ tornado to hit

Front 34

What is the difference between a hurricane and a cyclone or a typhoon?

Back 34

nothing, its just the region where they occur.
western pacific- typhoon
indian ocean- cyclone

Front 35

How does a hurricane differ from a tropical storm or a tropical depression?2

Back 35

they are kind of like the steps to a hurricane or small hurricanes, but they can stay that way and never become a hurricane.

tropical storm has a wind speed of 40 mph
tropical depression has a wind speed of 23mph
hurricane has a wind speed of > 74 mph

Front 36

How does the eye and eye wall of a hurricane differ from the rest of the storm?

Back 36

Eye: LOW pressure system; clear skies. Eye Wall: thickest most dangerous; thickest cloud; heaviest rain; highest wind speed

Front 37

What is the storm surge?

Back 37

Large amount of water under storm. Water can’t escape b/c all wind is “pushing” water in and not letting it go. Most devastating along coast line

Front 38

thunderstorms: more likely occur in Florida
hail storms: more likely to occur in Oklahoma
tornadoes: most likely to occur in Oklahoma/North Texas

Back 38

s

Front 39

What is a step-leader?

Back 39

- back and forth dim light, NOT lightening. As it gets closer and closer to the ground, once it is within 50 meters, the positive charges jump up to touch the neg, in the cloud and BAM- lightning. process can be very dangerous.
h. Lichtenberg sign: scar caused when you are hit with lightning.
i.. Lightning position: safest position: get low to ground /stay on the tips of your feet

Front 40

tri-state tornado(1925)

Back 40

MOST DEVASTATING STORM TO HIT U.S.
a. at the time we didn’t have ways to predict tornadoes and give warning
b. touched area of Missouri , Indiana, Illinois
c. 689 people died hit about 23 towns/ 1-mile wide path 220 miles of destruction

Front 41

What are the conditions in the U.S. that produce so many tornadoes?

Back 41

mT air + cP air + jet stream (added ingredient) is why so many occur in U.S.!
JET STREAM
causes the air to rise very quickly because it sucks it up fast
b. also causes the vortex of the tornado by hitting the cloud (shearing force)

Front 42

Tropical thunderstorm=single-cell storm --- but then add.+jet stream=evolution of single cell into a super cell

Back 42

super cell

Front 43

What is the key to identifying possible tornadoes

Back 43

see the supercell starting to form and send out a warning

Front 44

Why must hurricanes be produced over warm oceanic water?

Back 44

-warm mT air is the fuel for these storms

Front 45

Why aren’t hurricanes born over the equator?

Where are they born?

Back 45

-air mass is rising at the equator and in order for it to produce a hurricane the air must be moving laterally (overall motion a product of trade winds)

-5 N/S-20 N/S

Front 46

What is a divide?

Back 46

A high area that separates one drainage basin from another

Front 47

What are the different characteristics of the upland region and the lowland region?

Back 47

upland region- narrow & deep
- can erode downward very quickly
lowland region- broad
- lowland has more capability of eroding, so the water goes from side to side

Front 48

What are the fundamental differences in an upland flood and a lowland flood?

Back 48

upland flood- local and rapid
- Affects small areas very quickly and with very little warning
- Flash floods occur and cause many deaths
lowland flood- regional and prolonged
- affects an entire floodplain
- takes a long time for the water to build up (once there it stays for long periods of time)
- time is given to prepare for floods and evacuate, but damage is immense