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122 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Taiga
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-boreal/coniferous forests in northern Russia
-major export |
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Podzoil Soils
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-highly acidic, reddish soils, bad for farming
-central Russia (Belarus) |
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Chernozen Soils
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-black, rich, fertile soils, good for ag in southern Russia
-wheat, corn, beets |
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Volga River
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interconnected with canals throughout Russia, drains into the Caspian Sea
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Ural Mountains
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-dividing line between eastern Russia and Siberia
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Tundra
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Arctic region with a short growing season in which vegetation is limited to low shrubs, grasses, and flowering herbs
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Caucasus Mountains
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-to Russia's extreme south b/w Black Sea and Caspian Sea
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Trans-Siberian Railroad
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Key southern Siberian railroad connection completed during the Russian empire (1904) that links European Russia with the Russian Far East terminus of Vladivostok
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Tsars
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Russian term for "Caesar," or ruler; the authoritarian rulers of the Russian empire before its collapse in the 1917 revolution
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Russification
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A policy of the Soviet Union designed to spread Russian settlers and influences to non-Russian areas of the country.
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Mikrorayons
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large, Soviet-era housing projects of the 70s and 80s
-massed blocks of apartment buildings |
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Dacha
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Russian country cottage used especially in the summer
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Principality
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Sovereign state ruled by a prince
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Cossacks
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-Slavic-speaking Christians who had earlier migrated to Russia to seek freedom in the ungoverned steppes.
-aided Russian expansion into Siberia -good horsemanship |
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Russian Languages
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-Slavic sub-family dominates: Russian, Ukranian, Belaroussian
-Native Siberian (Buryat, Yakut) -Transcaucasia (Georgian, Armenian) |
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Russian Religions
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-Most Russians, Belaroussians, and Ukrainians are Eastern Orthodox Christianity...also many Jews
Transcaucasia=Islam Far East/Siberia=Buddhism |
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Socialist Realism
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Art style devoted to the realistic depiction of workers heroically challenging nature or struggling against capitalism
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Bolsheviks
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A faction of Russian communists representing the interests of the industrial workers, seized power within the country
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Lenin
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Main architect of the Soviet Union
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Russian Exclave
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-Kaliningrad
-a portion of a country's territory that lies outside of its contiguous land area |
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Major allies of USSR
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Cuba, North Korea, Angola
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Glasnost
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greater openness to outside influences in 1980s by Mikhail Gorbachev
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Perestroika
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planned economic restructuring by Mikhail Gorbachev aimed at making production more efficient and responsive
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Lenin
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main architect of Soviet Russia
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Stalin
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Chief architect of collectivism
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Gorbachev
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greater openness and economic restructuring
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Boris Yeltsin
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head of the Russian Republic who ended Soviet Russia
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Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
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loose political union of former Soviet republics established in 1992 after the dissolution of the Soviet Union
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Denuclearization
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the return of nuclear weapons from outlying republics to Russian control and their partial dismantling
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Group of 8
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collection of powerful countries that confers regularly on key global economic and political issues (US, Canada, Japan, Great Britain, Germany, France, Italy, and Russia)
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Chechnya
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wanted to be independent but Russia brought in military support
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Centralized Economic Planning
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state sets production targets and controls the means of production (by Stalin)
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Oligarchy
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small minority in gov't that owns a lot of business
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Dessication
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the drying up of lakes and wetlands
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Central Asia climate
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mostly arid and dry
in the north more rainfall and closer to Siberian taiga |
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Steppes
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semiarid grasslands...grasses are usually shorter and less dense in steppes than in prairies
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Central Asia pop & settlement
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-sparsely populated b/c of altitude and settlement
-many are pastoralists |
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Loess
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-in lowland central Asia
-fertile, silty soil deposited by the wind |
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Fergana Valley
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-productivity and easy irrigation
-Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan |
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Amu & Syr Darya Rivers
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centers of civilization for Central Asia..origins of culture
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Central Asia language/ethnicity
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Turkic (#1) and Mongolian dominate language and ethnicity
Tibetan dominates the plateau |
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Hazaras
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central mountains of Afghanistan
Dari-speaking |
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Tajiks
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west and north Afghanistan
Dari-speaking |
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Central Asia religion
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Islam and Tibetan Buddhism
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Taliban
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extremist organization that insists that all aspects of society conform to its own strict version of Islam orthodoxy
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Partitioning of the Steppes
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China conquered the nomads of Central Asia & continued to move west
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The Great Game
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Russia wanted Kazakhstan and GB wanted to connect southern territories (and Afghanistan)
Russia won |
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Mujahideen
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Muslim involved in a jihad (religious duty) who is fighting a war
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Shanghai Cooperation Organization (SCO)
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seeks cooperation on such security issues as terrorism and separatism, aims to enhance trade, and serves as a counterbalance against the US
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East Asia climate
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mainland=drier
Island=wetter similar to US |
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Alluvial Plains
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low-lying, rich, fertile
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North China climate
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colder, drier (possible desertification), hot, humid summer
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South China climate
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rugged, milder, humid climates
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Japan climate
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mostly mountainous, many forests (strict conservation), mild, wet climate
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Pollution Exporting
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Exporting industrial pollution and waste to other countries...via dumping them there or building factories there
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Taiwan climate
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mountainous, forests, mild winters, typhoons in the autumn,
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Manchuria climate
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broad, fertile lowland, cold winter, warm, moist summer, well-preserved wildlife and forests
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Korean climate
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north has many natural resources, is like main, south has rich lowlands, is like carolinas, dividing line serves as wildlife refuge
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China environmental issues
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deforestation (planting unsuccessful), erosion/overgrazing in Loess plateau, rivers flooding, 3 gorges dam
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Yaodong homes
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homes built in caves (Loess plateau)
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China crops
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rice in the south, wheat, sorghum, millet in the north
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Urban Primacy
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in South Korea (Seoul): concentration of an urban population in a single city (center of economic, political, and cultural life)
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Superconurbation
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Tokaido Corridor: huge zone of formerly separate metropolitan areas that are now joined together
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Sashimi
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raw seafood
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Sushi
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vinegared rice
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Ideographic writing
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each symbol represents an idea, not a sound
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Hiragana
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Japanese, used for indigenous language, each symbol stands for a particular vowel-consonant combination
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Katakana
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Japanese system for spelling words of foreign origin
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Kanji
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Japanese word for Chinese characters
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Confucianism
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Philosophical system developed by Confucius in the 6 century bce (how to lead a correct life an organize a proper society)
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Buddhism
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dominant universalizing religion
Mahayana is non-exclusive (can be multiple religions--get help attaining nirvana) |
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Shinto
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Japanese religion, way to be in harmony with nature
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Taoism
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Chinese religion, harmony with nature
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Feng shui
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designing buildings in accordance with the principles of cosmic harmony and discord that supposedly course through the local topography
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Marxism
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communist belief system developed by Karl Marx...atheistic
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Japanese culture
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relatively homogenous, but Ainu ppl of Hokkaido are discriminated against for long beards and different cultural practices
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Korean culture
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generally homogenous, difference b/w poor N Korea and S Korea
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Diaspora
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scattering of a particular group of people over a vast geographical area
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Han Chinese
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Mandarin Chinese (national tongue, means language of high officials), also Cantonese
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Non-Han Chinese
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-more remote upland districts, tribal
-speak Manchu, swidden agriculture |
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Hallyu
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The Korean Wave (culture increasing in popularity)
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The Great Wall of China
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keeps out Manchuria, Mongolia
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Spheres of Influence
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area on formally colonized, but Europe had informal influence and economic influence (Britain, Russia, France, Germany, US)
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Shogun
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The true ruler of Japan before 1868, as opposed to the emperor, whose power was merely symbolic
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Meiji Restoration
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Japan changed gov't to mirror western gov't to avoid war with U.S., didn't give the emperor any real power (who were demanding trade access)
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Japan owned:
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Kuril Islands, Koreas, E. China, Taiwan, SE Asia
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Chaebol
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family run, gov't assisted conglomerates, (Samsung, Hundai, LG, etc)
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Laissez-faire
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market freedom, with little governmental control (Hong Kong)
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Great Leap Forward
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demanded that small-scale village workshops produce the large quantities of iron needed for sustained industrial growth (China)
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Chinese Cultural Revolution
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aimed at mobilizing young people to stamp out the remaining traces of capitalism
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Special Economic Zones
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foreign investment welcome and state interference minimal (free trade)
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Monsoon
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distinct, seasonal change of wind direction, which corresponds to wet and dry seasons (heavy rains during the summer)
low pressure cell sucks in water from ocean and dumps it |
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Himalayan Mountains
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forms northern borders of India, Nepal, and Bhutan
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Plate tectonics theory
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Himalayan mntns formed by collision of Indian and Asian landmasses
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The Deccan plateau
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India, made from rain-shadow effect
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Atoll
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low, sandy islands made from coral, often oriented around a central lagoon (Maldives)
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South Asia climates
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Arid, subtropical, tropical (3 seasons: wet, cool, hot)
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the Chipko Movement
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tree hugging, trees are sacred
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South Asia subsistence crops
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rice, wheat, millet
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The Green Revolution
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1960s
agricultural techniques that combine new, genetically altered seeds that provide higher yields than native seeds when combined with high inuts of chemcial fertilizer, irrigation, and pesticides |
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Hutments
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Mumbai: crude shelters built on formerly busy sidewalks
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Hindu nationalism
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promotes Hindu values as the essential basis or Indian society
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Hindu culture
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emerged out of Indus and Ganges valleys
Sanskrit is sacred language caste systems (Brahmins-Untouchables) |
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3 Hindu gods
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Brahma, Vishnu, Shiva
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Mughal Empire
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attempted to unify both Muslims and Hindus into a large South Asian state (Taj Mahal)
Sultan tried to convert people to Islam |
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Sikhism
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Indian religion combining Islam and Hindu elements, founded in Punjab
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Kesh
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uncut hair
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Kipan
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carry a sword
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Jainism
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mix of Hindu and Buddhism, extremely non-violent
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Pinjrapoles
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Jain hospitals (take care of animals and people)
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South Asia languages
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Dravidian (south) and Indo-European (North)
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Pakistan language
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Urdu (similar to Hindi-originated in India)
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India languages
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Hindi (Pradesh), Punjabi (NW), Bengali (East)
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Bangladesh language
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Bengali
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Linguistic nationalism
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linking of a specific language with with political goals (one official language)
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South Asian diaspora
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West Europe (London, England), The Caribbean (Guyana, Trinidad & Tobago), North America, South & East Africa
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British East India Company
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private trade organization that acted as an arm of colonial Britain in monopolizing trade in South Asia
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Federal State
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political system in which a significant amount of power is given to individual states
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Jute
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plant that yields tough fibers used for making ropes and burlap bags
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Silicon Plateau
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Bangalore-quickly growing computer software and hardware industry
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The Sati
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Indian widows set themselves on fire
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3 Chinese autonomous territories
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Xinjiang, Inner Mongolia, Tibet
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