Genetics - Neuropsychology - Exam 1

Front 1

centromere

Back 1

pinched region in the center of chromosome

Front 2

monosomy (& example)

Back 2

Missing a chromosome from pair. (Ex: Turner's Syndrome in girls = Instead of XX have XNothing).

Front 3

trisomy (& Example)

Back 3

More than two chromosomes of a pair. (Ex: Down's syndrome = three copies of chromosome 21 rather than two).

Front 4

Humans have how many chromosome pairs?

Back 4

23 pairs.

Front 5

What are the parts of the chromosome?

Back 5

telomeres (arms of X) and centromere (middle part where they intersect) https://o.quizlet.com/FEEvamXCqbhWD.E.BWHoZw_m.jpg

Front 6

The 4 nucleotide units

Back 6

cytosine guanine adenine and thymine

Front 7

Base Pair

Back 7

Each base (nucleotide unit) is attached to a phosphate and a sugar (deoxyribose) & binds (via hydrogen link) to a complementary base on the other strand (C with G; A with T).

Front 8

Genome

Back 8

Organism's complete set of DNA

Front 9

DNA Sequence

Back 9

Provides instructions to the cell - telling it what proteins to make.

Front 10

mRNA

Back 10

A duplicate of DNA (Complementary to DNA strand). Once constructed leaves cell nucleus and is read in cell body by a ribosome.

Front 11

Codon

Back 11

single unit (of 3 nucleotide bases). provides instructions to cell re: which amino acid to construct & add to the protein chain

Front 12

ribosome

Back 12

reads off codons of mRNA & adds amino acids (one by one like beaded necklace) to protein chain.

Front 13

Genes

Back 13

The complete instructions for constructing a protein. The average gene is about 3,000 bases long.

Front 14

Peptides

Back 14

strings of between 2 and 30 amino acids ("bracelets")

Front 15

Proteins

Back 15

Longer strings of amino acids ("necklaces"; up to several hundred amino acids long)

Front 16

Protein Complex

Back 16

Joined proteins that act like machines -- do all the work of the cell.

Front 17

Give an example of a Protein Complex

Back 17

Ex2: Proteasomes -- chop up proteins so amino acids can be recycled. Ex2: Dynein complex - little walking machines that transport things along the axon

Front 18

Junk DNA

Back 18

Only about 2% of the DNA strands appear to consist of genes; the rest is comprised of "non-encoding" sequences of base pairs which do not encode for proteins (function unclear)

Front 19

Mitochondrial DNA

Back 19

Inherited from mother (exact copy unlike nuclear DNA)

Front 20

single nucleotide polymorphisms

Back 20

aka SNPs. ~1.4 million locations where the single-base nucleotides differ between people (e.g. CGA versus CTA). Responsible for all phenotypic differences.

Front 21

alleles

Back 21

Different forms of the same gene. (When there are differences between individuals in the specific trait that a gene codes for (e.g. eye or hair color memory ability)).

Front 22

Long arm of chromosome

Back 22

q

Front 23

Short arm of chromosome

Back 23

p

Front 24

Dynein

Back 24

little walking machines that transport thingsalong the axon. In alzheimer's, their movement is inhibited by plaques!

Front 25

phenotype

Back 25

the physical expression of genes.

Front 26

karyotype

Back 26

Refers to the visual representation of the configuration ofa chromosome.