Genetics Final Exam

Front 1

What does degenerate mean?

Back 1

Some codons encode for the same amino acid

Front 2

Where does translation occur?

Back 2

Within the ribosome

Front 3

How many amino acids and codons are there?

Back 3

20 Amino Acids and 64 potential codons

Front 4

3 steps of translation

Back 4

initiation, elongation, termination

Front 5

Initiation

Back 5

translation begins with the start codon (AUG) methionine

Front 6

Elongation

Back 6

ribosome uses tRNA anticodons to match codons and amino acids to grow the chain

Front 7

Termination

Back 7

The RNA polymerase falls off and translation ends at stop codon (UAG, UAA, UGA)

Front 8

What is the large subunit of the ribosome made up of?

Back 8

49 proteins and 3 RNA molecules

Front 9

What is the small subunit of the ribosome made up of?

Back 9

33 proteins and 1 RNA molecule

Front 10

3 binding sites for tRNA?

Back 10

Esite, Psite, Asite

Front 11

How does translation terminate?

Back 11

The release factor binds to the A site

Front 12

What must happen after protein synthesis?

Back 12

Proteins must fold into their 3D shape

Front 13

What do proteins do?

Back 13

Catalyze chemical reactions and control the transport of nutrients

Front 14

What keeps a protein in its 3D shape?

Back 14

Non-covalent bonds like ionic, hydrogen and van der waals

AND

hydrophobic interactions

Front 15

What is primary structure?

Back 15

Amino Acids linked one by one

Front 16

What is secondary structure?

Back 16

Amino Acids chains fold to produce alpha helixes and pleated sheets

Front 17

What is tertiary structure?

Back 17

A combination of secondary structures that form a 3D structure

Front 18

What is Quaternary Structure?

Back 18

Stable interaction of proteins to form a complex

Front 19

How are misfolded proteins destroyed?

Back 19

Ubiquitin tags the error proteins and transport it to a proteosome to be degraded

Front 20

What is a Prion?

Back 20

A protein folding disorder

Front 21

Example of prions

Back 21

Scrapies, Bovine Spongiform Encephaly and variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease

Front 22

What does the endocrine system do?

Back 22

produce hormones that travel great distances to their target cells

Front 23

What does the exocrine system do?

Back 23

produce hormones that are secreted directly into ducts leading directly to their target organs

Front 24

Gene Expression is controlled by:

Back 24

Transcription Factors, Mutations, Number of Gene Copies and Histone Code

Front 25

Removing a methyl group will turn

Back 25

transcription on

Front 26

Adding a phosphate or acetyl group will turn

Back 26

transcription on

Front 27

1.5% of the human genome encodes ________

Back 27

proteins

Front 28

How is it that proteins outnumber genes?

Back 28

alternative splicing and cutting of proteins translated from a single gene

Front 29

What else does the human genome encode for?

Back 29

viral dna, noncoding RNA, introns, promoters, repeats

Front 30

What is the difference between a mutation and a polymorphism?

Back 30

A mutation occurs in less than 1% of the population, a polymorphism occurs in more than 1% of the population.

Front 31

What is a somatic mutation?

Back 31

A mutation that occurs in the body cells and isn't transmitted to offspring

Front 32

What is a germ line mutation?

Back 32

mutation that has a possibility of being transmitted to an offspring

Front 33

Examples of mutation diseases?

Back 33

Sickle cell, early onset Alzheimer's, and Ehler Danlos syndrome

Front 34

What happens in Sickle Cell?

Back 34

A Valine is produced instead of a Glutamic Acid, resulting in abnormal aggregation of hemoglobin molecules

Front 35

What is Thalessemia?

Back 35

An excess of alpha hemoglobin and a too few beta hemoglobin which leads to heart, liver and endocrine gland damage

Front 36

What is Ehler Danlos Syndrome?

Back 36

"The stretchy man" A mutation prevents procollagen chains from being cut

Front 37

What are spontaneous mutations?

Back 37

new mutations not caused by exposure to known mutagens and may be due to errors in DNA replication

Front 38

Mutation Rate Formula

Back 38

number of cases/2 * (number of individuals in population)

Front 39

What are mutational hot spots?

Back 39

Short repetitive sequences, palindromes, duplications of larger regions

Front 40

What is the Ames Test

Back 40

in vitro test to test the mutagenicity of a substance

Front 41

What is a point mutation?

Back 41

A change of one single nucleotide

Front 42

What is a missense mutation

Back 42

Changes the amino acid

Front 43

What is a nonsense mutation

Back 43

A mutation that inserts a stop codon

Front 44

What is a splice site mutation

Back 44

mutation that alters the site where introns are normally removed

Front 45

Insertions or deletions NOT in a multiple of 3 lead to:

Back 45

frameshift mutations

Front 46

What is a pseudogene?

Back 46

A DNA sequence similar to a gene but isn't translated (May be transcribed tho)

Front 47

What is a copy number variant?

Back 47

Sequences in more than one place in a genome

Front 48

Silent mutations

Back 48

do not affect the amino acid encoded

Front 49

The system for fixing mismatched DNA favors the

Back 49

newly synthesized strand

Front 50

Types of DNA damage:

Back 50

mismatches, deamination, depurination, breaks and crosslinking

Front 51

What protein monitors DNA repair?

Back 51

P 53

Front 52

Trichothiodystrophy cause and effect?

Back 52

cause: oxidative damage

effect: faulty nucleotide or base excision repair

Front 53

Colon cancer ?

Back 53

defect in mismatch repair

Front 54

Xeroderma Pigmentosa cause and effect?

Back 54

cause: malfunction of excision repair

effect: must avoid UV light

Front 55

Ataxia Telangiectasis?

Back 55

defect in cell cycle checkpoint kinase-> cancer

Front 56

Cell Specialization depends on:

Back 56

proteins expressed, amounts of proteins, timing of proteins, how different cell types respond

Front 57

What is Biotechnology?

Back 57

The use of cells or biological molecules for specific applications

Front 58

What is the morphagen model?

Back 58

Growth factors moved between cells

Front 59

What is the Sequential Induction Model?

Back 59

Event takes place in one area and is passed to another area

Front 60

What is Competence?

Back 60

The ability of cells to respond to external cutes

Front 61

What is Commitment?

Back 61

intrinsic aspect of a cell that makes it follow a particular developmental path regardless of enviornment

Front 62

What is PCR?

Back 62

process that replicates and amplifies the amount of DNA sequence in a tube

Front 63

3 major steps of PCR?

Back 63

1. denaturation

2. annealing

3. extension

Front 64

What is recombinant DNA?

Back 64

the combination of DNA from two different sources (gene cloning)