Genetics Final

Front 1

Benefits of the Human Genome

Back 1

100% complete.

Discovered diseases related to genes

biotechnology products in clinical trials

BRAC-1 gene which is related to cancer

Front 2

Benefits of dog genome

Back 2

Almost complete.

Compared to human genome in order to see diseases that are shared between species

Track the history of different breeds

See how diseases in dogs form to help humans

Front 3

Benefits of sea urchin genome

Back 3

Complete

Embryos provide research model for analysis of gene regulatory networks

Front 4

Benefits of Neanderthal genome

Back 4

See relationship between Neanderthals and humans

Front 5

Benefits of Monkey genome

Back 5

HIV infection, enhancing neuroscience research, reproductive physiology, endocrinology, and cardiovascular studies

Front 6

Favorite pathogen thingy

Back 6

Norwalk virus infections.

Edible potato.

Front 7

Describe replication

Back 7

Unwound by helicase

RNA primer binds. Then DNA polymerase attaches to leading strand and replicates 3' to 5'. Multiple primers attach to the lagging strand and DNA polymerase attaches, forming Okazaki fragments. Exonuclease gets rid of all the primers. Ligase binds all the fragments and the new strands.

Front 8

Describe Transcription

Back 8

Transcription factor and RNA polymerase binds to DNA at initiation point. Runs along DNA, transcribing. T->U. When it hits a termination sequence, it releases. Mature mRNA has a 7mG 5' cap and a 3' poly A tail. Spliced out introns

Front 9

Describe Translation

Back 9

Small ribosomal subunit binds to mRNA with tRNA methinone and mRNA AUG sequence. Large subunit binds with tRNA in the p pocket. 2nd amino acid inserted into the A pocket. Peptidyl transferase binds the two amino acids. Released through the E site. Termination codons

Front 10

What is epigenetics

Back 10

Above the gene

Chemical modification in histones or DNA that leads to changes in transcription. Methylation, acetylation, phosphorylation.

Front 11

HKMT

P

PRMT

HAT

Structures of actyl and methyl

Back 11

Histone lysine methyl transferase

Phosphorylation which happens at serine and threonine

Peptidyl arginine methyl transferase

Histone acetyl transferase

O=C-CH3 And CH3

Front 12

How epigenetics leads to mutations

Back 12

Primed cells: no difference at first, invites enzymes to come in and mutate DNA.

Direct effect: change in transcription altering growth patterns

DNA mutation, not epigenetics

Front 13

Bioinformatics

Back 13

Blast the sequence

compare it a human genome

look at the coding sequences that are different. Note the differences, insertion, deletion, or substitution. Look at the effect in the protein sequence. Research how this change in the AA sequence affects expression

Front 14

Insulin

Back 14

A and B subunit. Put them into appropriate vector with promoter. Transform in E.coli.

Purify from b-gal/subunit. Combine A & B with disulfide bond.

Must know DNA sequence and how it's transcribed and translated

Front 15

Edible vaccines

Back 15

Human pathogen inserted into vector

Vector introduced to plant cells

Leaf segments sprout

Eat plant which triggers immune response

Front 16

Genetically modified plants

Back 16

800 transgenetic crops.

irradiate coax DNA into germline to ensure it gets into the next generation.

round up ready= glyphosphate, make it express EPSP synthase

Golden rice= b-carotene to prevent blindness

Front 17

Transgenic animals

Back 17

atlantic salmon= 10x bigger

dairy cows with staph infections. lysostaphin transgene in milk to kill the staph infection

Glowing fish important to biomed for tacking protein/genes

Front 18

RFLP

Back 18

sample tissue from amnio, CVS, blood...

cut at restriction sites. look at southern

Front 19

Microarrays

Back 19

ssDNA put on a plate

use cDNA from reverse transcriptase PCR. throw that on plate. Binds to DNA. shows up or down regulation of a gene