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36 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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how do you indicate no dominance
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italic upper case with superscripts that denote the laternative alleles
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what is an example of incomplete dominance
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pink roses
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in incomplete dominance hwat happens with protein
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there is less enzyme made depending on the alleles presetn
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what is an example of codominance
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ABO types
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What does O look like
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H antigen
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what does A look like
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Gal NAc added
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what does B look like
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Gal added
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are lethal alleles usually recessive or dominant
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recessive
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define pleiotropic
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one gene influences more than one phenotype
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what does multiple alleles mean
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that there may be more than two alleles present in a population that contribute to a phenotype... like in ABO
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what are some examples of disease with multiple alleles
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CF PKU
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how does CF work
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recessive autosomal stops the transcription of ATH but the stop may be in farther or closer which allows severity to vary
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define penetrance
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percentage of people with aspecific genotype that show the phenotype. Severity is not accounted for
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define expressivity
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individual basis. the degree to which phenotype is expressed
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is variable expressivity the same as incomplete dominance
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NO
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what does "gene interactions" mean
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multiple genes affect the same trait. 2 genes on separate loci can affect a single phenotype
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what is an example of gene interaction
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peppers
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define epistasis
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expression of one gene masks the expression of another
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what is an example of epistasis
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bombay when A and B are made but there is no H antigen so appears to be O
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if you have no wings cross no wings and then get wings what is going on
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complemetn. parents must have had mutations in different genes complement each other
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if you have no wings cross no wings and get no wings? why is this not complemetn
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because this means that the mutation occurs on the same gene and that the other parent's normal section does not make up for the mutated gene
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how can you test to see if something is x linked
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reciprocal cross will yield the same results
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what are some examples of X linked genes
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colorless
hemophilia hypertrichosis (dom) |
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define sex influenced traits
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traits that are epxressed differnetly in males and females
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what is the dominance pattern in sex influenced traits
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autosomal
recessive in females dominant in males (usually) |
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what was going on in the bearding of goats
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sex influenced traits BbBb for bearded females
B+B+ for non bearded males |
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define sex limited traits
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traits are epxressed in one sex only
typically autosomal |
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what is an example of a sex limited trait
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precocious puberty
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how does PKU work
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recessive that does not turn phenylalanine into tyrosine leading to mental retardatione eczema and light skin
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define epigenetics
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HERTIABLE CHANGES TO THE dna THAT DOES NOT CHNAGE SEQUENCE OF THE dna
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what is genomic imprinting
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non Mendelian genetics
differenetial expression of genes depending on the parent tha tthe chromosome is inherited from example of eipgenetics |
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if a gene is methylated will there be expression
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methylation means no gene expression
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in genomic imprinting if one is mutated, will it be expressed even if there are two copies
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yes, only mutated one will be expressed despite the fact that there are two copies
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what is an example of imprinting in humans
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angelman syndrome
prader willi syndrome |
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how do angelman nad prader willi work
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same region of chromosome 15
maternal or uniparental paternal is angel paternal or uniparent maternal is prader willi |
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what is another example of impritning
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male donkey + female horse = mule
female donkey + male horse = hinny |
