Genetics Exam 1

Front 1

What is the name of the type of effect on function that results in the gene product having less or no function?

Back 1

Loss of function

Front 2

What is the name of the type of effect on function that results in the gene product acquiring a new function or expressing increased wild type activity?

Back 2

Gain of function

Front 3

___ (Structural/Regulatory) proteins help pack the DNA into the nucleus of the cell

Back 3

Structural

Front 4

___ (Structural/Regulatory) proteins turn genes on and off during development

Back 4

Regulatory

Front 5

What is the name of the attachment site for the spindle fiber that moves the chromosome during cell division?

Back 5

Centromere

Front 6

What is the term for a body cell that contains two copies of each type chromosome?

Back 6

Diploid

Front 7

Diploid cells contain ___ (homologous/non-homologous) chromosomes

Back 7

Homologous

Front 8

What is the term for chromosomes that carry different sets of genes?

Back 8

Non-homologous chromosomes

Front 9

Gametes carry only one copy of each chromosomes, and so are called ___ (diploid/haploid)

Back 9

Haploid

Front 10

What is the product of mitosis?

Back 10

2 identical diploid cells

Front 11

On a pedigree, what symbol represents females?

Back 11

Circle

Front 12

On a pedigree, what symbol represents males?

Back 12

Squares

Front 13

On a pedigree, what shade represents the affected?

Back 13

Dark

Front 14

On a pedigree, what shade represents the unaffected?

Back 14

Light

Front 15

What is the name of the process in which the DNA template strand is "read" and mRNA is produced?

Back 15

Transcription

Front 16

What is the name of the process in which mRNA binds with ribosomes and defines a sequence of amino acids needed to produce a polypeptide?

Back 16

Translation

Front 17

___ (Genes/Enzymes) work by controlling the biochemical activities for growth and function of cells

Back 17

Genes

Front 18

What is the complementary base pair for adenine?

Back 18

Thymine

Front 19

What is the complementary base pair for guanine?

Back 19

Cytosine

Front 20

What 3 components make up DNA nucleotides?

Back 20

Deoxyribose (5-carbon) sugar, phosphate group, nitrogenous base

Front 21

What are the two purine bases?

Back 21

Adenine and guanine

Front 22

What are the 3 pyrimidine bases?

Back 22

Cytosine, thymine, and urasil

Front 23

A ___ (purine/pyrimidine) is a 6-membered ring with 2 nitrogens and 4 carbons

Back 23

Pyrimidine

Front 24

A ___ (purine/pyrimidine) is a 9-membered double ring system with 4 nitrogens and 5 carbons

Back 24

Purine

Front 25

What type of bonds form between complementary base pairs?

Back 25

Hydrogen

Front 26

What is the product of transcription?

Back 26

mRNA

Front 27

mRNA is synthesized from the DNA ___ (template/coding) strand

Back 27

Template

Front 28

The mRNA transcript has the same polarity and sequence as the ___ (template/coding) strand

Back 28

Coding

Front 29

What is the name of the components that help regulate the initiation of transcription?

Back 29

Promoters

Front 30

At what sequence does transcription end?

Back 30

Termination sequence

Front 31

___ (Introns/Exons) are removed from the transcript prior to translation

Back 31

Introns

Front 32

What type bonds hold together the amino acid sequence produced from translation?

Back 32

Peptide bonds

Front 33

What is the name for the unit that is made up of three consecutive nucleotides on the mRNA?

Back 33

Codon

Front 34

What is the usual start codon for translation?

Back 34

AUG

Front 35

In what direction do ribosomes move in along the mRNA to assemble the specified amino acid chain?

Back 35

5' to 3'

Front 36

What transports amino acids to the ribosome in translation?

Back 36

tRNA

Front 37

In translation, complementary base pairing takes place between the mRNA ___ (codon/anticodon) and the ___ (codon/anticodon) of the tRNA

Back 37

mRNA codon and the tRNA anticodon

Front 38

What are the four mechanisms of evolution?

Back 38

Migration, mutation, random genetic drift, natural selection

Front 39

What mechanism of evolution does the following describe:

The movement of members of a species from one population to another can rapidly alter allele frequencies

Back 39

Migration

Front 40

What mechanism of evolution does the following describe:

The slow addition of allelic variants that increase the diversity of a population and serve as "raw material" of evolutionary change

Back 40

Mutation

Front 41

What mechanism of evolution does the following describe:

The random chance of allele frequencies due to chance in rapidly mating populations

Back 41

Random genetic drift

Front 42

The cladistic approach sorts evolutionary relationships into groups called what?

Back 42

Clades

Front 43

What is the name of the diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among organisms?

Back 43

Phylogenic tree

Front 44

What 2 components are found exclusively in DNA?

Back 44

Deoxyribose and thymine

Front 45

What 2 components are found exclusively in RNA?

Back 45

Uracil and ribose

Front 46

In RNA complementary base pairing, what does A pair with?

Back 46

U

Front 47

In DNA complementary base pairing, what does A pair with?

Back 47

T

Front 48

In what part of the cell does transcription occur in eukaryotes?

Back 48

Nucleus

Front 49

In what part of the cell does translation occur in eukaryotes?

Back 49

Cytoplasm and rough ER

Front 50

What are the building blocks of transcription?

Back 50

RNA nucleotides

Front 51

What are the building blocks of translation?

Back 51

Amino acids

Front 52

What are 3 usual stop codons?

Back 52

UAA, UAG, UGA

Front 53

True or false: DNA replication does involve converting thymine to uracil

Back 53

FALSE

Front 54

What type of bonds join nucleotides?

Back 54

Phosphodiester

Front 55

What is the name of the sugar of DNA nucleotides? How many carbons does it contain?

Back 55

Deoxyribose. 5 carbons

Front 56

Adenine and guanine are composed of a ___ (single/double) ring

Back 56

Double

Front 57

Thymine and cytosine are composed of a ___ (single/double) ring

Back 57

Single

Front 58

What enzyme assembles individual nucleotides into chains?

Back 58

DNA polymerase

Front 59

Are dNTPs part of a polynucleotide chain?

Back 59

No

Front 60

What is the name of the free nucleotides that can be incorporated into a polynucleotide chain?

Back 60

dNTPs

Front 61

Phosphodiester bonds ___ (are/are not) covalent

Back 61

Are

Front 62

Phosphodiester bonds are between the ___ (3'/5') hydroxyl group (sugar) of one nucleotide and the ___ (3'/5') phosphate group of an adjacent one

Back 62

3' hydroxyl group, 5' phosphate group

Front 63

What type of backbone does a polynucleotide chain have?

Back 63

Sugar-phosphate

Front 64

The chemical basis of complementary base pairing is the formation of stable ___ (phosphodiester/hydrogen) bonds between the bases on the antiparallel strands

Back 64

Hydrogen

Front 65

How many hydrogen bonds form between A & T?

Back 65

Two

Front 66

How many hydrogen bonds form between G & C?

Back 66

Three

Front 67

The ___ (antiparallel/complementary) arrangement of the two strands of the double helix brings the partial charges of complementary nucleotides into alignment

Back 67

Antiparallel

Front 68

Nucleotide base pairs are spaced along the DNA duplex at intervals of how many Angstroms?

Back 68

3.4

Front 69

What is the name of the offsetting of adjacent base pairs so that their planes are parallel?

Back 69

Base stacking

Front 70

What 2 grooves are the regions where DNA binding proteins can make direct contact with nucleotides?

Back 70

Major and minor groove

Front 71

What are the names of the sequences at which DNA replication begins?

Back 71

Origins of replication

Front 72

What enzyme unwinds a double-stranded DNA to expose the two single-stranded template strands?

Back 72

DNA helicase

Front 73

What proteins stabilize single strands of DNA during replication?

Back 73

Single-stranded DNA-binding proteins (SSBs)

Front 74

What enzyme synthesizes RNA primer onto a single stranded DNA?

Back 74

DNA primase

Front 75

What enzyme adds DNA nucleotides to RNA primer?

Back 75

DNA polymerase III

Front 76

The ___ (lagging/leading) strand is made in the opposite direction as the movement of the replication fork

Back 76

Lagging

Front 77

Okazaki fragments are made on the ___ (lagging/leading) strand

Back 77

Lagging

Front 78

The ___ (lagging/leading) strand is synthesized continuously

Back 78

Leading

Front 79

The ___ (lagging/leading) strand is synthesized discontinuously

Back 79

Lagging

Front 80

In terms of the lagging strand, what enzyme removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA?

Back 80

DNA polymerase I

Front 81

What enzyme closes the gaps between adjacent nucleotides, producing a longer, continuous DNA strand?

Back 81

DNA ligase

Front 82

Enzymes and other proteins that "read" the template and assemble the substrates into a DNA molecule are called what?

Back 82

Replisomes

Front 83

What are the 3 requirements for bacterial DNA replication?

Back 83

Single-stranded DNA

dNTPs

Replisomes

Front 84

In bacterial replication, ___ (DnaA/DnaB/DnaC) first binds the 9-mer sequences, bends the DNA, and breaks hydrogen bonds in the A-T rich sequences of the 13-mer region

Back 84

DnaA

Front 85

In bacterial replication, ___ (DnaA/DnaB/DnaC) is carried to the DNA helix by DnaC and initiates helicase activity

Back 85

DnaB

Front 86

___ (DnaA/DnaB/DnaC) is a helicase that uses ATP energy to break down H bonds of complementary bases to separate the strands and unwind the helix

Back 86

DnaB

Front 87

What enzyme prevents the knotting of DNA as strands are separated?

Back 87

DNA topoisomerase

Front 88

What enzyme catalyzes controlled cleavage and rejoining of DNA that prevents overwinding?

Back 88

Topoisomerases

Front 89

In what direction is the template strand of DNA read?

Back 89

3' to 5'

Front 90

In what direction is DNA synthesized?

Back 90

5' to 3'