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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
GENE
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a unit of heredity that may influence the outcome of an organism's traits; DNA sequence that codes from RNA
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ALLELE
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an alternative form of a specific gene
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LOCUS
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a physical location of a gene within a chromosome
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within chromosome
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CHROMOSOME
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a single, continuous, very large macromolecule of DNA that contains many genes; proteins bound to DNA provide the organized structure of a chromosome
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DAUGHTER CHROMOSOME
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a chromosome that has separated from a chromatid
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result of [sister] chromatids' separation
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SISTER CHROMATIDS
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pairs of replicated chromosomes that are attached to each other at the centromere; genetically identical
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HOMOZYGOUS
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describes a diploid individual who has two identical copies of the same allele
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HETEROZYGOUS
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describes a diploid individual who has different copies of the same allele`
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HAPLOID
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gametes containing half the genetic material found in somatic cells
for a diploid species, a haploid gamete contains a single set of chromosomes |
n
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DIPLOID
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an organism or cell that contains two copies of each type of chromosome
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2n
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SEX CHROMOSOME
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a pair of chromosomes that determines sex in a species
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X and Y
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AUTOCHROMOSOME/AUTOSOME
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chromosomes that are not sex chromosomes
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HOMOLOGOUS CHROMOSOMES
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chromosomes that have the same genetic structure and loci
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KARYOTYPE
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a photographic representation of all the chromosomes within a cell, usually ordered by size; reveals how many chromosomes are in an active (dividing) somatic cell
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photograph
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INTERPHASE
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the series of phases G1, S, and G2 during which a cell spends most its life
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MITOSIS
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a nuclear division into 2 nuclei, such that each daughter will receive the same complement of chromosomes
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ISOGAMOUS
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produced a single type of gamete which unite in pairs to form zygote
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HETEROGAMOUS
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gameted produced are either male or female; fusion of male and female gametes form zygote
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MEIOSIS
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a form of nuclear dision in which the sorting process reuslts in the production of haploid cells from diploid cells
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LEPTONEMA
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chromosomes condense
homologous chromosomes pair |
prophase I
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ZYGONEMA
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tight associated between homologous chromosomes, mediated by synaptonemal complex which connects them
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prophase I
synaptonemal complex |
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PACHYNEMA
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crossing over occurs, increasing genetic variability; synaptonemal complex disassembled
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prophase I
crossing over |
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DIPLONEMA
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chromosomes begin to move apart; chiasmata (formed by crossing over) become visable
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prophase I
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DIAKINESIS
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breakdown of nuclear envelope
assembly of the spindle |
prophase I
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CROSSING-OVER
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the exchange of chromosome segments between homologous chromosomes; results in new combos of genetic material, not found in parent DNA
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pro. I: pachynema
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MEIOSIS II
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produces 4 haploid gamete cells
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SYNAPSIS
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homologous chromosomes recognize each other and then align themselves along their entire length
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SYNAPYONEMAL COMPLEX
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a complex of proteins that promote the interconnection btw. homologous chromosomes during meiosis
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zygonema (pro. I)
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CHIASMATA
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the site where crossing over occurs btw. two chromosomes
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GAMETOGENESIS
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the production of gametes (sperm, egg cells); gametes are produced by specialized (germ) cells
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GENOTYPE
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the genetic makeup of an organism; a description of the genes it contains
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PHENOTYPE
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characteristics that can be observed in an organism; phenotype is a product of genotype and environment
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TRUE-BREEDING
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a strain of a particular species that continues to produce the same trait after several generations of self-fert. or inbreeding
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homozygous
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TEST-CROSS
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an experimental cross between a recessive individual an an indiviual of unknown genotype, to find out what the unknown is
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MONOHYBRID CROSS
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involves true-breeding strains that differ in a single trait; all offspring will exactly resemble one of the parents
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uniformity in F1
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DIHYBRID CROSS
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crosses involving two pairs of traits; factors of different traits assort independently from one another
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MENDEL'S FIRST LAW:
SEGREGATION |
during gamete formation, each member of allelic pair seperates from the other member to form the genetic constitution of the gamete
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MENDEL'S SECOND LAW:
INDEPENDENT ASSORMENT |
factors of different traits assort independently from one another
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TRIHYBRID CROSS
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crosses involving three independently assorting traits
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RULE OF MULTIPLICATION
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the probability that independent events will occur simultaneously is the product of their individual probabilities
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RULE OF ADDITION
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the probability of an event that can ovvur in two or more independent ways is the sum of the seperate probabilities of the different ways
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CHI-SQUARE TEST
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checks for goodness of fit between the expected and observed results to determine whether differences are likely owed to chance alone
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NULL HYPOTHESIS
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what is observed is the same as what was expected
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PEDIGREE ANALYSIS
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tracing traits through family trees; genetic analysis used to determine the type of inheritance pattern that a gene follows
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PEDIGREE SYMBOLS
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generations numbered by roman numerals, individuals numbered by arabic numerals
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AUTOSOMAL-RECESSIVE
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trait tends to skip generations, members of both sexes equally affectd; unaffected parents can have unaffected child, but two affected parents cannot have an unaffected child
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albinism, cystic fibrosis
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AUTOSOMAL-DOMINANT
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trait usually present in each generation, members of both sexes affected; unaffected or affected parents can have an unaffected child; on ave. half the children of an affected parent will be affected
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brachydactyly, dwarfism, marfan syndrome
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X-LINKED RECESSIVE
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recessive allele located on the x chromosome; trait may skip generations, most affected indivuals are males
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color blindness, hemophelia
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X-LINKED DOMINANT
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dominant allele located on the x chromosome; trait doesn't skop generations
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faulty tooth enamel, rickets (vitamin D loss)
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Y-linked
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genes/alleles located on the Y chromosome; trait only affects males, affected males get from fathers and give to sons
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hypertrichosis of the ear
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RECIPRICAL CROSS
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a pair of crosses in which the traits of the two parents differ with regard to sex (ex: red eyed female fly cross with white eyed male fly- recip. cross would be white eyed female crossed with red eyed male)
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HOMOGAMETIC
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in species with two types of sex chromosomes, the homogametic sex is the one that produces only one type of gamete (in mammals: female egg is homogametic b/c can only contain one X chrom)
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XX
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HETEROGAMETIC
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in species with two types of sex chromosomes, heterogametic sex is the one that produces two types of genders (in mammals, males sperm b/c can contain either X or Y chrom)
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XY
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NONDISJUNCTION
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event in which chromosomes do not segregate properly during mitosis or meiosis
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