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78 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
In a ___(dihybrid/monohybrid) cross, the parents differ in a single characteristic, such as seed shape |
Monohybrid |
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___ (Homozygous/Heterozygous) refers two a genotype consisting of two identical alleles at a locus |
Homozygous |
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___ (Homozygous/Heterozygous) refers two a genotype consisting of two different alleles at a locus |
Heterozygous |
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True breeding refers to a ___ (homozygous/heterozygous) genotype |
Homozygous |
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With a monohybrid cross, although F1 plants display the phenotype of one parent, both traits are passed to F2 progeny in what ratio? |
3:1 |
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Alleles are the ___ (same/different) size in homozygotes, run to the ___ (same/different) place on the gel, and are ___ (thicker/thinner) than bands of heterozygotes |
Same size, Same place on the gel, thicker |
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The law of ___ (independent assortment/segregation) says that the alleles segregate from each other in the formation of gametes |
Law of segregation |
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The reappearance of the wrinkled trait in F2 demonstrates the law of ___ (segregation/independent assortment) |
Segregation |
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What type of genetic cross is performed using a recessive parent and a mystery parent in order to determine the mystery parental genotype? |
Testcross |
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___ (Reciprocal/test) cross analysis allows geneticists to determine whether observed dominant phenotype is associated with a homozygous "WW" or a heterozygous "Ww" |
Testcross |
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In a ___(dihybrid/monohybrid) cross, the parents differ in two characteristics, such as seed color and seed shape |
Dihybrid |
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The law of ___ (independent assortment/segregation) says that genes on different chromosomes behave independently in the production of gametes |
Independent assortment |
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New phenotypes in the F2 that were not seen in the parental or FI generations demonstrates the law of ___ (segregation/independent assortment) |
Independent assortment |
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What type of cross is a cross between the F1 offspring and either of the parents? |
Backcross |
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Probability is the number of times an event ___ (occurs/is possible) divided by the total number of ___ (occurrences/possible) events |
Number of times an event occurs divided by the total number of possible events |
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The difference between observed and predicted probabilities is due to what type of error? |
Random sampling error |
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Random sampling error is ___ (small/large) for small samples and ___ (small/large) for large samples |
Large for small samples and small for large samples |
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What type of events are events that cant happen at the same time? |
Mutually exclusive events |
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___ ("Or"/"And") indicates mutually exclusive events and that you should use the ___ (sum/product) rule |
"Or," sum rule |
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If you see "or," ___ (add/multiply) |
Add |
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What type of events are those in which the occurrence of one does not affect the probability of another and that can happen at the same time? |
Independent events |
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___ ("Or"/"And") indicates independent events and that you should use the ___ (sum/product) rule |
"And," product rule |
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If you see "and," ___ (add/multiply) |
Multiply |
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What is used to calculate the probability of a group of unordered events? |
Binomial expansion |
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In a binomial expansion, the "probability that the unordered outcome will occur" is represented by what variable? |
P |
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In a binomial expansion, the "total number of events" is represented by what variable? |
n |
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In a binomial expansion, the "number of events in one category" is represented by what variable? |
x |
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In a binomial expansion, the "individual probability of x" is represented by what variable? |
p |
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In a binomial expansion, the "individual probability of the other category" is represented by what variable? |
q |
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0! = what? |
1 |
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4! is equivalent to what expression |
4x3x2x1 |
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Autosomal traits are coded for by genes that are on ___ (sex/non-sex) chromosomes |
Non-sex |
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An autosomal recessive trait is seen in the phenotype only when the individual possesses ___ (one/two) copies of the recessive allele |
Two |
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With an autosomal recessive trait, individuals who have the disease are often born to parents who ___ (do/do not) |
Do not |
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With an autosomal recessive trait, if both parents have the disorder, ___ (all/half) of their children will have it |
All |
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With an autosomal recessive trait, the disease ___ (is/is not) usually seen in each generation |
Is not |
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An autosomal dominant trait is observed in the phenotype when the individual possesses ___ (one/two/one or two) copies of the recessive allele |
One or two |
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With an autosomal dominant trait, each individual who has the disease has ___ (at least one/no) affected parents |
At least one |
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With an autosomal dominant trait in crosses where one parent is affected and the other is not, approximately ___ (all/half) the offspring express the disease |
Half |
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With an autosomal dominant trait, two affected parents ___ (may/may not) produce unaffected children |
May |
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With an autosomal dominant trait, two unaffected parents ___ (will/will not) have any children with the disease |
Will not |
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What is the name of the cell cycle phase that accounts for the longer time between M phases? |
Interphase |
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What is the name of the cell cycle phase that accounts for the short time during which the cell divides? |
M phase
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In what cell cycle phase does gene expression and other cellular activity occur in preparation for DNA synthesis? |
G1 |
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In what cell cycle phase does DNA replication/synthesis and chromosome duplication occur? |
S phase |
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In what cell cycle phase does the cell prepare for division? |
G2 |
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___ (Mitosis/Meiosis) occurs in somatic cells |
Mitosis |
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___ (Mitosis/Meiosis) occurs in germ-line (sex) cells |
Meiosis |
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If the cell senses that ___ (chromosomes/telomeres) are too short, it will get shunted off into ___ (G1/G0) and be programmed for ___ (continuation/death) |
Telomeres, G0, death |
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Protein kinases + ___ (tranferase/cyclin) protein = Cyclin-dependent kinases (Cdks) |
Cyclin |
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What components signal the cell that it is ready to pass into the next stage of the cell cycle? |
Cdks |
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In sex cells, meiosis results in ___ (2/4) ___ (haploid/diploid) daughter cells |
4 haploid daughter cells |
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In somatic cells, mitosis results in ___ (2/4) ___ (haploid/diploid) daughter cells |
2 diploid daughter cells |
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In meiosis, homologs separate from one another during ___ (metaphase I/anaphase I) |
Anaphase I |
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___ (Joining/Crossing over) between homologues and ___ (independent assortment/segregation) of alleles are 2 mechanisms in meiosis that contribute to genetic variation |
Crossing over and independent assortment |
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___ (Y/X)-linked inheritance is the term for traits carried on the X chromosome |
X-linked |
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Since males only have one X chromosome, they are ___ (homozygous/heterozygous/hemizygous) for X-linked traits |
Hemizygous |
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What is the name of the cross in which the two opposite mating sexes are each coupled with each of two different genotypes and mated with the reciprocal combination? |
Reciprocal cross |
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___ (Phenotypic/Chromosomal) sex is the presence of chromosomes characteristic of each sex and is determined at the moment of fertilization |
Chromosomal |
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___ (Phenotypic/Chromosomal) sex is the internal and external morphology of each sex, and results from differences in gene expression |
Phenotypic |
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What is the transcription factor needed for male-specific gene expression? |
SRY |
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With the Z/W system found in birds, reptiles, fish, butterflies, and moths, females have two ___ (same/different) sex chromosomes, and males have two of the ___ (same different) sex chromosomes |
Females have two different, males have two of the same |
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In X-linked recessive inheritance, females ___ (homozygous/heterozygous) for the recessive allele or males ___ (hemizygous/heterozygous) for it display the recessive phenotype |
Females homozygous, males hemizygous |
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In X-linked dominant inheritance, females ___ (homozygous/heterozygous) for the dominant allele and males ___ (hemizygous/heterozygous) for the dominant allele express the dominant phenotype |
Females heterozygous and males hemizygous |
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Hemizygous males ___ (do/do not) display any allele on their single X whether the allele is recessive or dominant in females |
DO |
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With an X-linked recessive trait, many more ___ (males/females) have the trait |
Males |
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With an X-linked recessive trait, a recessive male mated with a homozygous dominant female produces ___ (all/some) offspring with the dominant phenotype, but all ___ (female/male) offspring are carriers |
All, female |
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With an X-linked recessive trait, matings of homozygous recessive females with dominant males produce ALL ___ (dominant/recessive) female offspring (carriers) and ALL ___ (dominant/recessive) male offspring |
Dominant female offspring, recessive male offspring |
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With an X-linked recessive trait, there ___ (is/is no) male-to-male transmission |
Is no!!! |
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With an X-linked dominant trait, heterozygous females mated to wild-type males transmit the dominant allele to ___ (all/half) of their progeny of EACH sex |
Half |
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With an X-linked dominant trait, dominant males mated to homozygous recessive females pass the trait to ___ (all/none) of their daughters and ___ (all/none) of their sons |
ALL of their daughters and NONE of their sons |
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With an X-linked dominant trait, the trait appears ___ (equally/unequally) frequently in males and females, but in small sample sizes, we can often see more affected ___ (females/males) |
Equally, more affected females |
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___ (X/Y)-linked traits are transmitted in an exclusively male-to-male pattern |
Y-linked traits |
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There are more ___ (X/Y)-linked traits in existence |
X-linked traits |
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Though males only have one Y chromosome, they ___ (are/are not) hemizygous for it |
Are not |
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In determining the mode of transmission or mode of inheritance of a trait with a pedigree, unless you are otherwise told in the problem, assume complete ___ (dominance/recessive) and rarity of ___ (dominants/recessives) |
Assume complete dominance and rarity of recessives |
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In determining the mode of transmission or mode of inheritance of a trait with a pedigree, you can assume that someone marrying into a family with a recessive trait ___ (is/is not) a carrier |
Is not |
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What is the term for someone who is a heterozygote for a recessive allele? |
Carrier |