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42 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is Genetics?
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The study of biologically inherited traits, including traits that are influenced in part by the environment.
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What is Genomics?
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The study of all the genes in an organism to understand their molecular organization, function, interaction, and evolutionary history.
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What are Genes?
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Inherited traits are determined by the elements of heredity that are transmitted from parents to offspring in reproduction.
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Who was Friedrich Miescher?
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Discovered a new type of weak acid, abundant in the nuclei of white blood cells, now called DNA.
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What is Deoxyribonucleic acid?
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The macromolecule, usually composed of two polynucleotide chains in a double helix, that is the carrier of the genetic information in all cells and many viruses.
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What are chromosomes?
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In eukaryotes, a DNA molecule that contains genes in a linear order to which numerous proteins are bound and that has a telomere at each end and a centromere.
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Who was Frederick Griffith?
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Demonstrated that the genetic material can be transferred from one bacteria cell to another.
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What is transformation?
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When cells undergo change.
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Who were Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase?
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(1952) Were able to show DNA was genetic material through phage experiments.
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What is bacteriophage?
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A virus that attacks bacterial cells
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Who were Watson and Crick?
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(1953) Proposed the DNA double-helical structure.
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What are nucleotides?
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A nucleoside with an extra phosphate.
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What are the 4 bases in DNA?
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Adenine-Thymine
Guanine-Cytosine |
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What is complementary (pairing)?
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A=T
G=C |
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What is replication?
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The copying process in which a single DNA molecule gives rise to two idential molecules
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In DNA synthesis, at which end are nucleotides added?
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The 3' end
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What is an enzyme?
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A biological catalyst that accelerates biochemical reactions in cells.
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Explain "inborn errors of metabolism"
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Any hereditary disease in which cellular metabolism is abnormal results from an inherited defect in an enzyme.
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What is an aminoacid?
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One of the building blocks from which proteins are made.
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What is the biochemical/metabolic pathway?
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Any sequence of biochemical reactions, each step requires a specific enzyme to catalyze the reaction for the chemical transformation.
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Who were Beadle and Tatum?
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(1940's) identified new mutations that each caused a block in the metabolic pathway for the synthesis of some needed nutrients.
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What is a mutant screen?
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Isolation of a set of mutants affecting any biological process.
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What are complementation tests?
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Two mutations are brought together in the same cell.
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What are heterokaryon?
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Filaments fuse and the new filament contains multiple nuclei from each of the participating partners.
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What is the Principle of Complementation?
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A complementation test brings together two mutant genes in the same cell or organism.
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What is the Central Dogma?
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DNA --> RNA --> Protein
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What are the three types of RNA?
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1. mRNA: messenger RNA which carries the genetic information from DNA and is used as a template for polypeptide sequence.
2. rRNA: ribosomal RNA are major constituents of the cellular particles. 2. tRNA: transfer RNA |
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What is transcription?
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The process of making an RNA strand from a DNA template.
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What is translation?
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The synthesis of a polypeptide under the direction of an mRNA molecule
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What is the genetic code?
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The complete decoding table.
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What is the start codon?
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AUG
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What are the stop codons?
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UAA, UAG, and UGA
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What is mutation?
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Any heritable change in a gene or the process by which such a change takes place.
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What are the 3 principles governing Gene/Environment interactions?
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1. One gene can affect more than one trait, that is called pleiotropy.
2. Any trait can be affected by more than one gene. 3. Most traits are affected by environmental factors as well as by genes. |
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What is evolution?
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Takes place when a population of organisms descended from a common ancestor gradually changes in genetic composition through time.
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What are the three major kingdoms?
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1. Bacteria
2. Archaea 3. Eukarya |
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What is a genetic marker?
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Any difference in DNA, no matter how it is detected, whose pattern of transmission from generation to generation can be tracked.
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What is a DNA marker?
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Genetic markers that are detected by direct analysis of the DNA.
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What are purines?
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two of the bases have a double-ring structure, these are adenine and guanine.
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What are pyrimidines?
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A single ring structure, these are thymine and cytosine.
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What is a nucleoside?
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A chemical compound formed from one molecule of the sugar deoxyribose and the base.
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What is a polynucleotide chain?
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Phosphate attached to the 5' Carbon of one sugar is linked to the hydroxyl group attached to the 3' carbon of the next sugar in the line.
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