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194 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Theory |
An integrated and organized set of statements that explain phenomenon |
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Humanistic Psychology |
Emphisizes freewill and self-actualization |
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Behaviorism |
Stimulus/Response psychology |
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Functionalism |
Focused on how the mind helps adapt toenvironment (purpose of behavior) |
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Structuralism |
Studied the elements of conscious experiences(sensations, feelings, images)
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Validity |
Measures what it is designed to measure
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Cognitive |
Memory, Learning, Perception, Language
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Psychology |
Literally mean “study of the soul”
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Gestalt |
Pattern or configuration (whole more than the sum, of its parts)
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Placebo |
Fake treatment |
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Reliability |
Consistency of test results
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Correlation |
Show the strength of a relationship between 2 variables
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Psychoanalysis |
Unconscious motives and conflicts
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Wilhelm Wundt |
Father of Psychology
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Experiment |
Research designed to show cause and effect
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John B. Watson |
Founder of Behaviorism
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Hypothesis |
A statement that makes a prediction
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Sigmund Freud |
Father of Psychoanalysis
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Amygdala |
Connects sensations and emotions
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Acetylcholine |
Memory (Alzheimer’s disease)
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Sympathetic |
Speeds up the Nervous System
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Neurotransmitters |
Chemical Messengers
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Synapse |
Gap between the neurons
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Corpus Callosum |
Connects the two hemispheres of the brain
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Parasympathetic |
Slows down the Nervous system
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Hippocampus |
Gateway to Memory
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Broca's Area |
Speech Production |
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Norepinepherine |
Sleep, learning, mood (depression)
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Hypothalamus |
Controls physical drives
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Dendrite |
Receives information
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Medulla |
Regulates breathing and heart rate
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Cerebellum |
Coordinates motor movement/balance
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Wernicke's Area |
Language Comprehension
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Endorphines |
Relieves pain
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Axon |
Transmits information
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Dopamine |
Parkinson’s Disease and Schizophrenia
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Thalamus |
Interprets and relays sensory information
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Serotonin |
Mood, appetite. Aggression (depression)
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Kinesthesia |
Plays important role in our sense of self
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Narcolepsy |
Rapid switch from active waking state into REM sleep
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Sigmund Freud |
“Dreams are the Royal Road to the Unconscious”
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Ivan Pavlov |
Classical Conditioning
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Sleep Apnea |
Briefly but repeatedly stop breathing during the night
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Activation/Synthesis |
Dreaming is the result of spontaneous firing of neurons in the pons
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Circadian |
Biological rhythm that occurs approximately every 24 hours
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B.F. Skinner |
Operant Conditioning
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Pons |
Controls dreaming
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Classical Conditioning |
Pairing of unconditioned stimulus with a neutral stimulus
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Positive Reinforcement |
Give something pleasant to increase desirable behavior
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Stimulant |
Speeds up the central nervous system
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Negitive Reinforcement |
Take away something unpleasant to increase desirable behavior
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Depressants |
Slows down the Central Nervous System
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Spontaneous Recovery |
Sudden reappearance of a response after its apparent extinction
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Stimulus Generalization |
Give the same response to two similar stimuli
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Extinction |
Gradual weakening and eventual disappearance of a response
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Opiates |
Mimic endorphins, relieve pain and produce euphoria
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Positive Punishment |
Give something unpleasant to decrease an undesirable behavior
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Ivan Pavlov |
Conducted the 1st lab experiment on classical conditioning
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Hallucinogens |
Alter sensations and perceptions
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Stimulus Discrimination |
Give a different response to two similar stimuli
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Unconditioned Stimulus |
Elicits a reflexive (natural) responses
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Operant Conditioning |
Reinforce successive approximations of a desire behavior
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Shaping |
Response is more or less likely to occur based on consequences
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Manifest Content |
Actual content of the dream
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Negitive Punsihment |
Take away something pleasant to decrease an undesirable behavior
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Latent Content |
Hidden meaning of the dream
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Ultradian |
Biological rhythm that occurs more frequently than every 24 hours
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Procedural Memory |
Memories for how to do something
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Episodic Memory |
Memories for personal experiences
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Mnemonics |
Strategies for organizing information to remember it
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Proactive Interference |
Old information interferes with new information
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Infradian |
Biological rhythm that occurs less frequently than every 24 hours
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Schema |
Mental representations for categorizing objects, people & events
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Semantic Memory |
Memories for general knowledge, rules & concepts
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Retrieval Cues |
Stimuli that help people recall information
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Retroactive Interference |
New information interferes with old information
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Encoding |
Putting information in a form that can be used by the memory system
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Approach/Approach |
Choice between two desirable goals
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Homeostasis |
Physiological and psychological systems kept in balance
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Fixed-action Pattern |
Complete pattern of behavior that occurs without learning
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Primary Drives |
Unlearned biological needs
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Lateral Hypothalamus |
“Start-eating” center of the brain
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Secondary Drives |
Drives that are learned from prior associations
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Approach/Avoidance |
Goal/choice has both desirable and undesirable features
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Self-Actualization |
Maximize your potential
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Ventromedial Nucleus |
“Stop-eating” center of the brain
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Set Point Theory |
Homeostatic brain mechanism programs body weight
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Avoidance/Avoidance |
Decision between equally undesirable choices
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Tabula Rasa
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Newborn a blank state
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Pyramidal
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Fake-emotional expression
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Industry
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Develop competence socially and academically(eager to learn)
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Harry Harlow
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Monkey motivated by a need for contact comfort
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Zygote
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Fertilized egg
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Stagnation
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Self centered, self absorbed, inactive
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Initiative
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Ability to take action and enjoy accomplishments |
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Fluid Intelligence
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Capacity to form insight/processing speed, accuracy and memory
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Alfred Kinsey
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First extensive sex survey
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John Bowlby
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Attachment to caregivers provides a secure base to explore
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Deficiency Needs
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Needs that are motivated by a lack of something
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Masters and Johnson
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Study done by observing sexual intercourse
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Motivation
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Process that causes movement toward a goal
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Generativity
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Need to leave a legacy/ give to younger generation
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Crystallized intelligence
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Acquired knowledge and skills over a lifetime
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Terminal Drop
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Sharp decline in mental functioning
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Extrapyramidal
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Genuine facial expressions
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Germinal Stage
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Conception to 2 weeks
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Instinct
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Fixed-action pattern
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Testosterone
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Promotes sexual desire in both sexes
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Autonomy
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Exercise will, make choices, self-control
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Ainsworth
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Strange situation test/ evaluated styles of attachment
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Integrity
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Find meaning of life experiences/ accept death with dignity
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Fetal Stage
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8 weeks to birth
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Meta needs
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Needs motivated by growth
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Embryonic stage
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2-8 weeks after conception
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Displacement |
Take out frustrations on a "safe" target |
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Projection |
Place unacceptable feelings onto someone else |
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Repression |
Trauma or motivation it blocked from concious awareness |
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Denial |
Refuse to admit something is wrong |
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Regression |
Behavior acceptable in an earlier stage of development |
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Reaction Formation |
Change the feeling to its opposite |
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Intellectualization |
Deny the emotional element with rational interpretations |
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Sublimation |
Develop a socially acceptable way to express desires and motives |
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Rationalization |
Justify behavior with excuses |
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Suppression |
Conciously push something out of your immediate awareness |
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Placenta |
Outer part of zygote |
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Object permanence |
Understand that things exist outside of our immediate awareness |
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Hans Seyle |
General Adaptation Syndrome |
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Concrete operational |
Perform mental tasks (read,write,spell,math) |
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Babinsky reflex |
Toes span out when foot is touched |
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Sensorimotor |
Coordinate sensory impressions with motor movements |
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Catastrophizing |
Overemphasizing negative consequences |
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Erik Erikson |
Theory of psychosocial development |
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Cognitive restructuring |
Modify how people interpret stressful events |
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Formal operational |
Abstract thought and hypothetical reasoning |
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Lawrence Kohlberg |
Theory of moral development |
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Conservation |
Recognize properties such as weight and volume remain the same despite change in appearance |
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Moro reflex |
Startle reflex |
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Jean Piaget |
Theory of cognitive development |
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Preoperational |
Symbolic representation/langage, role playing, art |
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Ruminating |
Recurring intrusion of thoughts about stressful events |
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Embryo |
Inner part of the zygote |
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Self-efficacy |
Belief you can perform a behavior(learned expectation of success) |
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Anima |
Feminine archetype in males |
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Karen Horney |
Basic anxiety/ womb envy |
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Carl Rogers |
Congruence between the self and the organism |
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Abraham Maslow |
Hierarchy of needs |
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Cardinal traits |
Influence everything a person does |
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Animus |
Masculine archetype in females |
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Central traits |
Reflect a characteristic way of being |
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Oedipus complex |
Phallic stage of psychosexual development |
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Alfred Adler |
Inferiority complex |
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Carl Jung |
Collective Unconcious |
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Secondary Traits |
Changable aspects of personality(habits) |
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object-relations |
emphisizes need for mother and relationships |
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schizophrenia |
delusions, hallucinations, oddities of behavior |
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generalized anxiety disorder |
chronic worry and inability to relax |
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panic disorder |
sudden onset of terror/fear |
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phobia |
intense and irrational fear of a particular object or situation |
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obsessions |
unwanted thoughts |
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agoraphobia |
strong fear of being seperated from a certain place or person |
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dissociative fugue |
sudden loss of personal memory and formation of a new identity |
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compulsions |
ritualistic behaviors |
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dissociative amnesia |
sudden memory loss(few hours/days) |
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conversion disorder |
loss of physical ability(no organic/medical cause) |
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dysthymic disorder |
chronic pattern of depression(less severe than major depression) |
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antisocial personality disorder |
shameless disregard for, and violation of, other people's rights |
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systemetic desensitivation |
associative activity(relaxation) that is incompatible with fear |
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phenomenologist |
humanistic psychologists are also called |
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benzodiazepines |
librium and valium (treatment choice for anxiety) |
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psychoanalysis |
dream analysis and free association |
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lithium |
most prominant "second gen" antidepressant(fluoxetine) |
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catharsis |
release emotional tension associated with traumatic experience |
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prozac |
treatment of bipolar disorder(mania/depression) |
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fritz perls |
gestalt theory(unified, self-aware, self-accepting) |
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flooding |
exposed to feared situations and prevented from escaping |
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carl rogers |
unconditional positive regard/client centered therapy |
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transference |
relate to therapist in ways that reproduce or relive relationship |
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albert ellis |
rational emotive behavior therapy (REBT) |
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reflection |
restating or paraphrasing what the client just said |
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neuroleptics |
anti-psychotics reduce hallucinations and delusions |
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aversion theory |
undesirable behavior associated with physical or psychological discomfort |
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self serving bias |
tendency to take credit for success and blame others for failure |
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romantic love |
high degree of passion and intimacy |
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deindividuation |
become submerged in a group and lose identity |
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cognitive dissonance |
thoughts, beliefs, attitudes, and behavior are inconsistant |
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fundimental attribution error |
over estimate behaviors in others to internal (dispositional) factors |
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companionate love |
high degree of intimacy and commitment |
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alturism |
unselfish concern for another's welfare |
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consummate love |
high degree of passion, intimacy, and commitment |
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internal attributions |
personality or dispositional characteristics |
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in-group |
group that you feel loyalty toward |
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bystander effect |
more people who witness an emergency/ less likely to help |
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out-group |
a group you feel antagonistic toward |
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external attributions |
environmental or situational factors |