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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Who first discovered DNA?
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Friedrich Miescher (1869)
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What is the complete name for DNA?
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deoxyribonucleic acid
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Describe Fredrick Griffith's experiment.
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(1928) Information specifying the polysaccharide coat was passed from a heat-killed, virulent pneumonia bacteria to a live, coatless form of the bacteria. This led to the discovery of bacterial "transformation".
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Describe the experiment of Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty.
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(1944) These scientists prepared a mixture of the bacteria Griffith used and removed all the protein, yet the transforming activity was not reduced. When DNA-destroying enzymes were added, all transforming activity was destroyed. Conclusion: DNA, rather than protein, is the genetic material.
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What three parts are included in a nucleotide?
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(1) a five-carbon sugar (deoxyribose)
(2) a phosphate group (3) a nitrogenous base (adenine, guanine, thymine or cytosine) |
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What type of bond holds nucleotides together in DNA?
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phosphodiester bond
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phosphodiester bond
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a phosphate group links to the two sugars by means of a pair of ester bonds
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Which three individuals were primarily responsible for determining the secondary structure of DNA?
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James Watson, Francis Crick, and Rosalind Franklin
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double helix
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each DNA molecule is composed of two chains of nucleotides that are intertwined about a common axis
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complementary
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although the strands are not identical, they can be used to specify the other by base-pairing
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antiparallel
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a configuration in which one phosphodiester strand runs 5' phosphate to 3' hydroxide and the other runs 3' hydroxide to 5' phosphate
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5'
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phosphate group
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3'
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hydroxyl group
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Four things DNA must be able to do if it is actually genetic material
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1. Store information
2. Direct cell functions 3. Direct its own replication 4. Be able to change |
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semiconservative mechanism
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DNA is replicated by opening up a DNA helix and making copies of both strands to produce daughter helices, each consisting of one old strand and one new strand
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What is the major enzyme involved in DNA replication?
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DNA polymerase
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DNA polymerase
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an enzyme that matches existing DNA bases with complementary nucleotides and then links the nucleotides together to make a new strand; synthesizes in the 5'-to-3' direction and requires a primer to extend
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How does changing the nucleotide sequences affect the phenotype of an individual?
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A change in the nucleotide sequence results in a change in amino acid sequence, which results in a change in folding, which results in a change in function (sickle cell anemia)
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What were the two basic ideas that were included in the paradigm of inheritance before Mendel?
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(1) Direct transmission of traits
(2) Blending of traits |
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Direct transmission
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Parents pass on representative samples of their own tissues to their offspring
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Blending of traits
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Samples get mixed to produce the characteristics of the offspring (skin color)
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